Baker V Gilbert Kralc Wholesale Pty Ltd

Question: Talk about theBaker V Gilbert for Kralc Wholesale Pty Ltd. Answer: Presentation Issue: This task will sum up the case which was among Baker and Gilbert. The judgment was given by the Court on 23rd May 2003. The judgment was given by Hodgson JA. The gatherings engaged with this case were Karen Gilbert who was the primary respondent, Kralc Wholesale Pty Ltd who was the subsequent respondent and Nylex Industrial Products Pty Ltd who was the third respondent. For this situation Karen Gilbert got truly harmed when she landed ungracefully in the wake of bouncing off a shaky footpale appended to a pool stepping stool at the premises of the appealing party. Appealing party, Garling DCJ was not cautious in examining and keeping up the stepping stool sufficiently. Since it was his shortcoming harms were being granted to Gilbert. Offer was made by the litigant that Garling DCJ had wrongly held himself for penetrate of obligation of care which he owed to the main respondent. After a specific examination it was discovered that the footpale was not steady and such shakiness w as essentially brought about by the fixed jolts. In the Australian Law there was no place referenced that householders will be viewed as careless on the off chance that they are uninformed about any imperfection in their property. Gilbert was swimming in the pool with the authorization of Baker.[1] After swimming when she was going to ascend the stepping stool then she fell and got truly harmed. At that point she had asserted on a few grounds that Baker was careless in keep up the stepping stool appropriately. In the event that he would have kept up the stepping stool appropriately, at that point this occurrence would not have happened. Request was made on a few grounds yet it basically fall under the beneath two classes: Garling DCJ incapable to discover about the flimsiness of the footpale and it was basically brought about by the lacking fixed jolts. Garling DCJ was additionally failed in finding that as an occupier of the premises Mr. Pastry specialist ought to have kept up or investigated the footpale and the ladder.[2] Rule: for this situation Common law of carelessness would be pertinent. Custom-based Law essentially says that in the event that numerous people enter the premises of the occupier, at that point it is his obligation to deal with those premises. They are in the premises which have a place with the occupier so he ought not be careless in playing out his obligations. Indeed, even the tort of carelessness would be applied for this situation. By and large torts are made by precedent-based law and these legal wrongs are undifferentiated from torts. Tort is commonly considered as a wrongdoing and all the cases in tort are affable cases which are purchased up by the people concerned. Torts can be submitted by anybody whether its individual or companies.[3] Tort risk incorporates both vicarious obligation and individual risk. It incorporates bogus improvement, attack, battery and an extravagant tort of carelessness. Carelessness can happen anyplace, regardless of whether it is on streets, or it is in somebodys place or anyplace else. It is essential that for all situation of torts harms will be granted. It will rely on case to case premise. For the most part individuals have the ideal for any legitimate misery in the event that they can demonstrate the probabilities that they have been a survivor of tort. In a portion of the cases casualty can even request an order from the courts so tort can be prevented.[4] Application: presently in the wake of understanding the issue and arrangements identifying with the case we will see how these arrangements is applied for this situation. The courts judgment will likewise be talked about here. The primary issue was that the nut was not straightened out to the coaming appropriately, thus the footpale was not steady. This brought about the fall of Gilbert. Garling DJ was essentially asserting that the footpale was not appropriately fixed which was extremely basic for the individuals who were swimming there. He expressed that it was the premises of Mr. Pastry specialist thus he answerable for the wellbeing of the individuals coming in his premises. In any case, lamentably the footpale was not steady and Gilbert got injured severely. So Mr. Pastry specialist had penetrated his obligation of care. He ought to have been cautious since he owed an obligation of care to all the individuals in the pool. A portion of the cases were fundamentally the same as thi s case. One of the cases which were fundamentally the same as this one was the situation between Short v Barret. For this situation a guest went to his companions place where he fell of a wood deck overhang since one of the boards on the gallery parted with. The house proprietor was basically not mindful about this imperfection in his balcony.[5] There was another case between Stannous v Graham where offended party had leased the premises of the litigant as a vacation level. The issue for this situation was that there were free strides in the premises which even the litigant was unconscious. Because of this offended party had fallen and had a few individual wounds. It was at last presumed that respondent was not to fault since he didn't know about the imperfection in the premises. Henceforth based on this even Court had decay to force and tortious obligation on the proprietor to investigate the premises to find a few deformities which were not known. Based on the over two cases I would need to help the litigant that is Baker. Gilbert came in the premises of Baker and she got harmed since the footplate was not steady. Mr Bakers risk was given in the judgment of Deane in Hackshaw v Shaw and was additionally endorsed by the High Court in Australian Safeway Stores Pty Limited v Zaluzna. The main most significant thing to decide is to whether the litigant owed any obligation of care under the standard standards of the carelessness to the offended party. Since litigant owes an obligation to the offended party this implies there must be a level of vicinity of relationship. So there would be a sensible danger of injury to the guest who is a part. Break of the obligation would rely upon a circumstance wherein a sensible individual would do to offer reaction to the predictable hazard. On account of Short v Barret, before finding that there was no carelessness from the side of the occupier it was seen that overhang gave that there were no i ndications of break and there was sign that the gallery was dangerous. It was an unexpected episode which levels the occupier didnt anticipate. Respondent got no admonition that the overhang would be dangerous. It isn't generally conceivable to offer notice to everybody; at times admonitions can be suggested from the circumstances.[6] End: The end came to by the adjudicator was that it would not maintain the intrigue by the appealing party. Mr Baker was answerable for the injury which was caused to Gilbert. He had penetrated the obligation of care. The appointed authority had chosen to excuse the second intrigue with costs. Garling was dependable to discover the appealing party answerable for any results that had brought up in the carelessness of stepping stools maintenance.[7] During the day when Gilbert got injured Baker had reviewed the pool and have seen that there were some issue with the footplate. This gives there was an indication of caution that something wasn't right with the footplate. So he ought to have offered admonitions to all the individuals who went for swimming. Be that as it may, shockingly he neglected to give any alerts to anybody. Because of this Gilbert got injured and endured with a few wounds. Court had likewise discover that there was a hole between the footplate and coaming thus this wa s the sign which ought to have given to all the individuals swimming in the pool. Indeed, even this was acknowledged by Baker that the jolts were not satisfactorily fixed. He had seen himself that the stepping stool required an assessment not long before the mishap. Be that as it may, sadly he had neglected to do as such and eventually Gilbert got harmed. This case was totally different than the case models which were given previously. In the above cases occupiers were not in any way mindful about the imperfection in their premises. In the event that they knew that a few indications of admonitions more likely than not been given by them to the offended party. For this situation Baker knew about the circumstance yet at the same time his dint educated about it to all the individuals. So he wasn't right for this situation and had penetrated the obligation of care, He was demonstrated careless for this situation thus the Court had excused the second ground of bid and had additionally re commended that the intrigue ought to be excused with costs.[8] References Bread cook G, Gilbert G and Petersen S, 'Book Reviews' (2001) 60 Art Journal Bread cook R,The Norton Book Of Light Verse(Norton 1986) Bread cook V Gilbert' (prezi.com, 2016) https://prezi.com/ - _yutnr81lge/dough puncher v-gilbert/got to 24 September 2016 'Pastry specialist V. Gilbert, Francis, Baker Assoc., Inc' (Casetext.com, 2016) https://casetext.com/case/bread cook v-gilbert-francis-dough puncher assoc-inc got to 24 September 2016 Barret R and Daudon M, 'Change Of Acridines And Azepines Into The Corresponding 3-Oxo-Heterocycles By Means Of Hypervalent Aromatic Iodine Compounds' (1991) 122 Monatshefte f㠯⠿â ½r Chemie Chemical Monthly Markesinis B, Deakin S and Dias R,Tort Law(Clarendon Press 1994) New South Wales Court Of Appeal' (https://www.vrlaw.com.au, 2016) https://www.vrlaw.com.au/cases/pdfs/200403010934400.gilbert.pdf got to 24 September 2016 'Tort: Negligence: Proximate Cause' (1904) 3 Michigan Law Review.

Effects of computer games to students

The broad conviction that dopamine manages joy could stand out forever with the most recent exploration results on the job of this synapse. Analysts have demonstrated that it directs inspiration, making people start and endure to get something either constructive or contrary. The neuroscience diary Neuron distributes an article by specialists at the Universitat Jaume I of Castellon that audits the predominant hypothesis on dopamine and represents a significant change in perspective with applications in maladies identified with absence of inspiration and mental exhaustion and sadness, Parkinson's, different sclerosis, fibromyalgia, etc.â and infections where there is unreasonable inspiration and perseverance as on account of addictions.â€Å"It was accepted that dopamine managed delight and reward and that we discharge it when we acquire something that fulfills us, however in reality the most recent logical proof shows that this synapse demonstrations before that, it really urges us to act. As such, dopamine is discharged so as to accomplish something great or to abstain from something evil,† clarifies Merce Correa. Studies had indicated that dopamine is discharged by pleasurable sensations yet in addition by stress, torment or loss.These research results anyway had been slanted to just feature the positive impact, as per Correa. The new article is a survey of the worldview dependent on the information from a few examinations, including those directed in the course of recent decades by the Castellon bunch in a joint effort with the John Salamone of the University of Connecticut (USA), on the job of dopamine in the inspired conduct in creatures. The degree of dopamine relies upon people, so a few people are more tireless than others to accomplish a goal.â€Å"Dopamine prompts keep up the degree of action to accomplish what is proposed. This on a basic level is certain, be that as it may, it will consistently rely upon the boosts that are looked for: rega rdless of whether the objective is to be a decent understudy or to maltreatment of drugs† says Correa. Elevated levels of dopamine could likewise clarify the conduct of the alleged sensation searchers as they are increasingly roused to act. Application for melancholy and dependence on know the neurobiological boundaries that cause individuals to be inspired by something is critical to numerous zones, for example, work, instruction or health.Dopamine is presently observed as a center synapse to address manifestations, for example, the absence of vitality that happens in sicknesses, for example, despondency. â€Å"Depressed individuals don't want to do anything and that is a direct result of low dopamine levels,† clarifies Correa. Absence of vitality and inspiration is likewise identified with different conditions with mental exhaustion, for example, Parkinson's, numerous sclerosis or fibromyalgia, among others. In the contrary case, dopamine might be associated with addi ctive conduct issues, prompting a demeanor of impulsive perseverance.In this sense, Correa shows that dopamine foes which have been applied so far in enslavement issues most likely have not worked as a result of insufficient medicines dependent on a misconception of the capacity of dopamine (http://www. sciencedaily. com/discharges/2013/01/130110094415. htm) The impact of a dopamine agonist on dysarthric discourse creation: a case study.AbstractThe impact of Permax (pergolide mesylate), a dopamine agonist, was surveyed in a person with horrendous mind injury. The member prove indications of hypokinetic dysarthria. His exhibition on and off Permax was assessed in a BABA plan. Measures were gotten across physiological frameworks. There were hardly any distinctions in the on and off conditions. In the on condition, he confirm an anomalous huge velopharyngeal opening territory, dysfluencies in upgrade sentences, and less exact verbalization. Be that as it may, audience members saw him t o be progressively energized in the on condition. Likewise, he announced better execution in the on condition.The study features expected inconsistencies among member report, audience observation, and target measures. Learning results: because of this action, the member will be capable (1) to perceive the impact of dopamine agonists as an aide to other pharmacological intercessions and (2) to decide expected disparities among member report, audience discernment and target physiological and acoustic measures. (Transitional Learning Center, Department of Communication Disorders, University of Houston, TX 77204-6018, USA. [emailâ protected] edu/http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/11565961)

Empiricism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Experimentation - Essay Example Ongoing philosophical information has frequently contended that man’s faculties can regularly neglect to increase genuine information. This is showed in the film Matrix, when the story’s primary character, Neo, understood that what he saw to be genuine is really not genuine. The world he has thought to live is really a PC reenactment program that has set to make a deception of man’s presence. Thus, for this situation, in the event that we are to increase genuine information through tangible encounters, yet our faculties can bomb us, at that point how are we to accomplish genuine information? As per Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (p. 728), our faculties advise us regarding the shading, weight, and consistence of bread. It is through these very faculties that man have come to know his general surroundings, and all the things in it. This is the fundamental reason of induction, which expresses that: †¦a hypothesis of information, which underlines those parts of logical information that are firmly identified with understanding, particularly framed through conscious exploratory courses of action (Wikipedia, 2006). Everything that man learns is the result of his experience. David Hume viewed exuberant and solid as encounters and discernments. Then again, he characterized less vivacious occasions as convictions or considerations. This could clarify the way that individuals have figured out how to characterize and welcome the very embodiment of adoration, bliss, trouble, and dejection. Love and bliss are regularly connected with occasions that excite and energize individuals with somebody exceptionally close of important for them, for example, encounters identified with one’s first kiss, proposition to be engaged, conceiving an offspring, and so forth. Then again, pity and forlornness are normally identified with encounters, for example, unattained objectives and goals, battle and contentions, disorder, and even passing. It is no uncertainty that youngsters would effectively perceive the meaning of trouble

How to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps

The most effective method to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps A histogram is a sort of chart that is utilized in measurements. This sort of diagram utilizes vertical bars to show quantitative data. The statures of the bars demonstrate the frequencies or relative frequencies of qualities in our informational index. Albeit any essential programming can build a histogram, it is imperative to comprehend what your PC is doing off camera when it creates a histogram. The accompanying strolls through the means that are utilized to develop a histogram. With these means, we could build a histogram by hand. Classes or Bins Before we draw our histogram, there are a few starters that we should do. The beginning advance includes some fundamental rundown insights from our information set.â To begin with, we locate the most noteworthy and least information esteem in the arrangement of information. From these numbers, the range can be figured by deducting the base an incentive from the greatest worth. We next utilize the range to decide the width of our classes. There is no set standard, yet as a harsh guide, the range ought to be separated by five for little arrangements of information and 20 for bigger sets. These numbers will give a class width or canister width. We may need to adjust this number and additionally utilize some good judgment. When the class width is resolved, we pick a class that will incorporate the base information esteem. We at that point utilize our class width to create ensuing classes, halting when we have delivered a class that incorporates the most extreme information esteem. Recurrence Tables Since we have decided our classes, the following stage is to make a table of frequencies. Start with a segment that rundowns the classes in expanding request. The following section ought to have a count for every one of the classes. The third section is for the include or recurrence of information in each class. The last section is for the overall recurrence of each class. This demonstrates what extent of the information is in that specific class. Drawing the Histogram Since we have composed our information by classes, we are prepared to draw our histogram. Draw a flat line. This will be the place we signify our classes.Place equitably dispersed checks along this line relate to the classes.Label the imprints so the scale is demonstrate and give an innocence to the even axis.Draw a vertical line just to one side of the most reduced class.Choose a scale for the vertical pivot that will suit the class with the most elevated frequency.Label the imprints so the scale is demonstrate and give an innocence to the vertical axis.Construct bars for each class. The stature of each bar ought to compare to the recurrence of the class at the base of the bar. We can likewise utilize relative frequencies for the statures of our bars.

Performance Apria Organizational Commitment -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Performance Apria Organizational Commitment? Answer: Presentation It is to tell you that different techniques for execution examination are being investigated and two modes are being chosen as the best ones. This notice will brief you about the subtleties and steps of the chose methods of execution examination for the laborers in the quality control division (Aggarwal Thakur, 2013). It is normal that, execution of this strategy will help you in deciding the adequacy of the laborers in this division. Chosen strategies for execution evaluation Rating scale and 360o input are the two chosen techniques for execution evaluation. These two strategies are being chosen because of the explanation that these techniques are conforming to all the eight focuses or components of execution evaluation (Bracken Church, 2013). The accompanying segments will examine about the arrangement of these two strategies with the eight key purposes of execution evaluation. Incorporation of both energy and pessimism It is imperative to incorporate both the positive and negative qualities of the representatives for execution evaluation. Both 360o input and rating scale will help in recognizing the criticism with respect to a specific representative from his companions and others associates (Espinilla et al., 2013). This will incorporate both positive and negative reaction. Sections with date It is essential to passage the episodes of the representatives with appropriate date so as to recognize and decide the pattern. On account of 360o criticism and rating scale, all the sections ought to be very much dated. Perceptions Reactions to be accumulated for 360o criticism and evaluations will be included as perceptions as opposed to the suppositions (Salleh et al., 2013). This will help in adequately deciding the view of the partners with respect to a specific laborer. Explicit All the passages ought to be made explicitly without utilizing any languages or expansive implications. This will additionally help in giving the rating to the representatives. Utilizing one-sided language It is strongly suggested that, language should be fair paying little heed to any positive or negative demeanor of the workers (Cheng, 2014). This will help in having exact appraisals and criticism for them. Speculation Criticism being accumulated ought not be summed up. At that point this will weaken the particular criticism give by the companions. Evaluations and examination ought to be done in understanding to the specific input accumulated. Assurance of the pattern and example One reason to pick 360o criticism and rating scale is to decide the pattern of the exercises of the workers (Farndale Kelliher, 2013). It is to be seen that, the criticism being accumulated is going towards progressively positive or negative way. Evaluation ought to be done in like manner. Consistency Al the rules ought to be same for all the workers. On account of the 360o input and rating scale, criticism ought to be accumulated regarding same models. This will empower to pass judgment on the viability of one specific representative over others. End In this manner, 360o criticism and rating scale will be generally precise and viable apparatuses of execution examination. It will help in successfully making a decision about the exhibition of the representatives with no inclinations, which will additionally assist with improving their presentation in quality control. Reference Aggarwal, A., Thakur, G. S. M. (2013). Methods of execution evaluation an audit. Global Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2(3), 617-621. Bracken, D. W., Church, A. H. (2013). The new execution the executives worldview: gaining by the undiscovered capability of 360 degree criticism. Individuals and Strategy, 36(2), 34. Cheng, S. Y. (2014). The intervening job of authoritative equity on the connection between regulatory execution examination rehearses and hierarchical duty. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), 1131-1148. Espinilla, M., de Andrs, R., Martnez, F. J., Martnez, L. (2013). A 360-degree execution evaluation model managing heterogeneous data and ward standards. Data Sciences, 222, 459-471. Farndale, E., Kelliher, C. (2013). Actualizing execution evaluation: Exploring the representative experience. Human Resource Management, 52(6), 879-897. Salleh, M., Amin, A., Muda, S., Halim, M. A. S. A. (2013). Decency of execution evaluation and authoritative duty. Asian Social Science, 9(2), 121.

25 Outstanding Podcasts for Readers

25 Outstanding Podcasts for Readers Looking for something to spice up your commute? Look no further! There are hundreds of bookish podcasts on iTunes and there’s something for everyone. Here are twenty-five of the best. Want even more reading for your ears? 1.  Big Planet Comics Employees of the mid-Atlantic comic book store chain of the same name produce Big Planet Comics. Die-hard comic book fans will enjoy the industry insider perspective. 2.  Bookclub BBC Radio 4’s Bookclub is a forum for readers to interact directly with authors. Led by James Naughtie, the studio audience conducts a QA with each featured author. 3.  Bookrageous If you like Book Riot, then you’ll love the Bookrageous podcast. Hosted by Book Riot’s very own Jenn Northington, Rebecca Schinsky, and Preeti Chhibber, as well as Josh Christie, an indie bookseller from Maine, it’s a thoughtful and lighthearted conversation on literature and literary culture. 4.  Books on the Nightstand Books on the Nightstand will cause your TBR pile to explode to epic proportions. It’s a one-show-fits-all-readers podcast; there’s something for everyone. 5.  The Catapult Jaime Green hosts The Catapult, a half-hour podcast featuring poetry, short stories, essays, and book excerpts read by the authors. It’s a great way to be exposed to new and undiscovered writers. 6.  Dear Bitches, Smart Authors Dear Bitches is the podcast for romance lovers. Sarah of Smart Bitches, Trashy Books and Jane of Dear Author offer intelligent insight into the romance genre, interview authors, and occasionally host guests from around the bookosphere. With episodes like “The Mysterious Hymen” and “Squeeing about Outlander,” you know it’s going to be a fun time. 7.  The Disney Story Origins Podcast Like the title implies, this fun podcast investigates the literary, cultural, and historical origins of Disney’s most beloved tales. 8.  Drunk Booksellers Drunk Booksellers isâ€"you guessed itâ€"a podcast by professional booksellers (including Book Riot’s own Emma Nichols) who enjoy a good drink. Tune in for an hour of intelligent book talk, guest booksellers, and one seriously rad Jay Z/Kanye West parody theme song. 9.  Guardian Books Editor Claire Armistead presents Guardian Books, a podcast featuring author interviews, readings, discussions, and a live recording of the Guardian’s monthly book club. 10.  Inside the New York Times Book Review The official books podcast of the New York Times, Book Review is hosted by Sunday Book Review editor Pamela Paul and features interviews and conversations with authors and critics. 11.  KCRW’s Bookworm Bookworm showcases emerging and established writers of fiction and poetry in conversation with the host, Michael Silverblatt. 12.  Late Night Library Late Night Library includes two showsâ€"Late Night Conversation, which features unscripted talks with authors, publishers, and editors, and Late Night Debut, which showcases debut authors. LNL prioritizes female and POC authors. 13.  Lit Up Angela Ledgerwood and Emily Gould host Lit Up, a podcast about books, writers, and other literary topics. Guest authors frequent the show to talk about their books and the conversation is always stimulating. 14.  Lore A great podcast for horror fans, Lore is a half-hour show about the history behind scary stories. It’s beautifully produced and reminds me of the radio dramas I used to listen to as a kid. The background music alone makes it worth listening to, though preferably not before bed. 15.  Meet the Author Meet the Author is Apple’s official audio/video podcast for book lovers. It usually features household-name authors like Neil Gaiman and Rick Riordan or celebrity authors like Gillian Anderson and Nick Cannon. setTimeout(function() { if (typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined') { __gaTracker('send', 'event', 'Audiobooks Impression', 'Audiobooks', 'libro.fm IRC Feb 20'); } }, 3000); 16.  MuggleCast Potterheads, rejoice! MuggleCast is the most listened-to Harry Potter podcast on the web, and after two hundred eighty-four episodes, it’s amazing how these guys never run out of stuff to talk about. 17.  Myths and Legends This podcast explores the fascinating origins of myths and legends from around the world and how they have shaped many of the stories we know and love today. 18.  The New Yorker: Fiction Editor Deborah Treisman hosts The New Yorker Fiction podcast. Every month a writer is chosen to pick a story from the magazine’s archives to read and discuss on the air. 19.  Overdue From Pygmalion to 50 Shades of Grey, Overdue covers all the books that have been sitting on your TBR stack for far too long.   20.  The Rabbit Room The Rabbit Room podcast is an extension of The Rabbit Room website, an online collective of Christian artists, musicians, and writers. The podcast, hosted by Andrew Peterson, features music, reviews, readings, and interviews. 21.  The Readers The Readers is an hour-long “chat show for books” that features book news, debates and discussions, and interviews with authors, book bloggers, and people in publishing. 22.  Slate’s Audio Book Club Slate’s Audio Book Club is a podcast in which Slate’s critics discuss and debate the book club’s monthly selection. 23.  So Many Damn Books So Many Damn Books is a bi-weekly podcast covering all things having to do with books, literature, reading, and publishing. 24.  Storynory Perfect for parents of young kids, Storynory brings you a new children’s audio story every week. 25.  World Book Club BBC’s World Book Club features some of the world’s greatest authors discussing their best-known works and invites listeners to participate in QA sessions. And of course be sure to check out all of Book Riots podcasts!         Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Ten Codes Essay - 275 Words

The Ten Codes (Essay Sample) Content: THE TEN CODESNameCourseInstructorInstitutionDateTHE TEN CODESThe ten - codes was developed to aid the police in their communication. Its use effectively locked out the public from the conversations held by the police thus, maintaining confidentiality and integrity of the data being passed on. The ten - codes came into existence around 1937 and is credited to Charles Hopper. The innovation was informed by the need of the police departments to have a confidential way of communication amongst them. However, the evolution in technology compromised the secrecy of the code rendering it ineffective.One of the major strengths of the ten codes is promoting the integrity and confidentiality of the information being passed across. The police can send messages about crimes like homicide or warnings about imminent attacks in a code that is not known to the common man. As such, they are able to avert the imminent dangers in time (911dispatch.com 2014)One of the major disadvantages of the ten codes is that different states now have different meanings for each code. As such inter-agency communication becomes compromised and is highly prone to miscommunication. A case in point is the 9/11 where most officers died due to miscommunicationÂ(National Institute of Justice 2014). A quick search on the internet reveals the meanings of most of these codes. This means that the ten -codes is no longer as secretive as it once was. It would therefore be easier to use plain language rather than using a complex code whose justification is no longer valid.In conclusion, the ten - codes was very effective when it was developed. However, the technological innovations and passage of time has compromised the ten codes. It would therefore be better to use plain language in its place. On the other hand, it is important to retain some of the codes with a universal meaning. These can include codes dealing with sexual offenses so as to save the victims from the traum...

African Tulip Tree Puerto Rico s Salvation Or Invasive...

African Tulip Tree: Puerto Rico’s Salvation or Invasive Pest? Lauren Fegan September 6, 2015 WSES 4309 THESIS The African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) is a native species of tree that is found along the West coast of Africa from Ghana to Angola and inland across the center of the continent to southern Sudan and Uganda. (Source #1) The vivid fiery hue of the flowers of the African tulip tree contributed to its introduction to Puerto Rico more than a century earlier as an ornamental. (Source #2) More than a century later the African tulip tree has contributed to the reforestation of lands formerly abandoned by agricultural collapse. It is now the most abundant tree in the secondary forests of Puerto Rico. (Source #3) The opportunistic nature of the resilient African tulip tree has transformed the landscape of Puerto Rico by providing habitat and aiding in the recovery of flora and fauna due to anthropogenic ecocide. NARRATIVE At the end of the fifteenth century the natives of Puerto Rico called the Taino inhabited the island. The Taino were highly skilled in agriculture, and were dependent on fishing for their sustenance. When the Europeans arrived to the island the Taino native population was quickly obliterated by the small pox epidemic of 1518. The small pox epidemic of 1518 was responsible for killing 90% of the native population. (Source #5 John F. Richards) The island was nearly 100 percent forested before the arrival of the Spanish

The Formation Of West African History - 1070 Words

Darien Wellman West African History Dr. Hargrove March 8, 2015 The Formation of West African States In the recent decades, West Africa has been studied and analyzed by multiple geographers and historians. Combined with history of the rise of early civilizations, religious influences and conquests, this region continues to open more dialogue on how these events from its past took place. One subject in particular has also become part of that discussion. That subject happens to deal with the rise and creation of West African states. In this essay, I will discuss how these states were created as well as the multiple ways in which the use of both inside and outside influences helped to shape these various states. After much research, it is clear that many of what would become West African states began with the kingdom of Ghana. According to Roger Gocking, who wrote the book called The History of Ghana, the reason why states started here was because of evidence from the time when Ghana’s kingdom existed. He stated â€Å"archaeol ogical evidence indicates that much of the early Iron Age activity was located in the Volta Basin of northern Ghana. The common occurrence of low-grade iron ore and wood for fuel stimulated iron-smelting industries in this region. As a result, it was not surprising that it was here that centralized states first developed.† As important as the Iron Age was to the early development of these states, it was not the only reason. During this period, Gocking saidShow MoreRelatedIf a Picture Paints...1025 Words   |  5 Pages art played the singular role of portraying history. Whether in the form of cave drawings or sculptures, this art was a tangible representation of the culture, history, and perspectives of the artist and his resulting personal interpretations. 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European colonists’ even committed to legalizing enslavement of hundreds and thousands of people, but it led to Africans being slaves based on race. Slavery was a big part in Virginia and South Carolina. The history of slavery in Virginia first appeared in 1619 where the Africans were indentured servants. As for South Carol inaRead MoreTaking a Look at Liberia1335 Words   |  5 Pagesof western Africa is a small country known as Liberia. Liberia is an astonishing country, with its history and culture. The first thing you might notice about Liberia is its African heritage. Liberia was not only founded but also colonized but freed African slaves. It is also known fact that the people are very friendly in Liberia. The culture of Liberia is amazing; some people still carve out African figurines. This country has fought a long way for its freedom. That’s why it is a wonderful land ofRead MoreIndustrialization During 1865 and 1920 That Influenced U.S. Society, Economy, and Politics1205 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT Impact of Industrialization after the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) [Strayer University] [U.S History 105] ] Impact of Industrialization After the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) Part 1- Thesis Statement The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. After the Civil War, industrialization took on an unpredictable change of events

Essay on Love Canal Environmental Disaster - 1393 Words

A beautiful city, Niagara Falls in the state of New York, ruined by careless decisions of the city of Niagara Falls and The Hooker Chemical Company. Families suffered and died from several of diseases cause by toxic waste that was place underground near homes and schools. A mother, Louis Gibbs who lived near the Love Canal said, â€Å" When I brought this American dream home my son was one and very healthy. Then he started to get very ill and experiences some liver problems, asthma, and then epilepsy. I could not understand, they came one after another, until I read a series written by Mr. Michael Brown, who explained that the Love Canal has toxic waste underneath the neighborhood school and it leaches in resident homes.† She continued on by†¦show more content†¦(Gibbs) In the 1920’s, the city bought the land at public auction, which became the municipal and chemical disposal site. (Beck) The city of Niagara Falls and The United States also participated in du mping garbage, military warfare material, and Manhattan Project. This was a disposal site for more than twenty years, until Hooker Chemical Company purchased the site for their chemical disposal. (Beck) In 1953, the Hooker Chemical Company filled the canal with twenty-two thousand tons of waste in barrels, which leaked, broke apart when being dump, and poured into the soil. (Gibbs) In addition, to avoid contaminants leaked to the top layer soil they would cover them up with cinders, ash, clay or loom to decrease the spill. (Gibbs) Hooker claimed that he warned the Board of Education not to buy the land because it was not suitable for construction of school buildings. However, The Board of Education was in desperate need of more classroom space and needed the land quickly. On April 28,1953 Hooker sold the land to Board of Education for one dollar. He turned the deed over to The Board of Education and confirmed that they were not accountable for any problems that should arise in the future. (Case Study: 6 Love Canal) Later, The Board of Education sold portion of the land to an investor that wanted to build more than hundred homes in the area, which they sold to middle class families, who were unaware of the toxic wasteShow MoreRelatedEssay about Love Canal1464 Words   |  6 PagesLove Canal When one thinks about an environmental disaster, the image of a large explosion in a highly industrial area comes to mind. Such is not the case in the Love Canal emergency. Unlike most environmental disasters, the events of Niagara Fallss Love Canal werent characterized by a known and uncontrollable moment of impact. It developed over a period of several decades, since the effects of leaching chemicals is uncertain and slow in development and the visual effects are very limitedRead MoreThe Contamination Of Love Canal1440 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental issues teaches about a variety of different aspects that impact the environment on a day-to-day basis. One of these environmental disasters happened starting in the 1920s and was a completely man made issue that could have been avoided. It is becoming numb to the public as more and more environmental issues are coming to the surface, but one issue that is incredibly shocking is the contamination of Love Canal. It definitely caused an incredibly large impact of the publicRead MoreThe Love Canal Disaster By Lois Gibbs1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Love Canal disaster which resulted in a myriad of genetic mutations in upstate New York from 1979-1981 prompted civilian unrest and protests nationwide. Prior to public awareness of the environmental and health hazards occurring across the United States, radioactive waste was nonchalantly dealt with as medical conditions were unknown to public knowledge. In 1979, after residents of Love Canal unified and discussed the medical co nditions that plagued their children and newborns, outcry began toRead MoreLove Canal992 Words   |  4 Pages Tragedy at the Love Canal A quite family neighborhood would awake one day to find themselves the center of one of the most devastating environmental disasters of all time. Originally designed as a dream community and named for William Love the owner of the tract of land in Niagara Falls, New York it would later become a life and law changing event. When the original plans for the canal were considered it was thought to be an economical way to bringRead MoreThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 has proved to be one of the most important environmental protection programs of all time. Also known as Superfund, this act spawned dramatic changes to the environment of the United States. Superfund aimed to cleanup hazardous waste sites in America and protect the health and safety of the general public. Over the years, the Superfund legislation has authorized the gov ernment to aid in the cleanup of toxicRead MoreThe Love Canal Crisis : An Epidemic1709 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Mr. Peters Honors Environmental Science 11 November 2016 A Civil Action The Love Canal crisis is an epidemic that will shake the roots of this country for centuries. From 1942 to 1953 a landfill in Niagara Falls area known as the Love Canal; which is named after 18th-century famous entrepreneur William T. Love who had an aspiration to connect two levels of the Niagara River, which evidentially separated by Niagara Falls. His plan sought to integrate a canal that would utilize hydroelectricRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of The Fight For Equality1937 Words   |  8 PagesEnvironmental disasters are often pushed into regions with a higher rate of marginalized groups; relating to race, class, and gender. The dangerous environmental issues that these groups face hinder their progress in the fight for equality, oppressing them and hurting the environment even more. Environmental racism is a problem that many have to face, trapping people in a cycle of poverty and making it so they can’t escape environmental disasters that bring health issues with th em. There are highRead MoreThe Love Canal Disaster By Lois Gibbs1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe Love Canal The Love Canal disaster which resulted in a myriad of genetic mutations in upstate New York from 1979-1981 prompted civilian unrest and protests nationwide. Prior to public awareness of the environmental and health hazards occurring across the United States, radioactive waste was nonchalantly dealt with as medical conditions were unknown to public knowledge. In 1979, after residents of Love Canal unified and discussed the medical conditions that plagued their children and newbornsRead MoreLove Canal : A Dream Community On The Fringe Of Niagara Falls2302 Words   |  10 PagesLove Canal is one of the most iconic and appalling environmental tragedies in American history. Dreamed up by a visionary, William T. Love built Love Canal to create a dream community on the fringe of Niagara Falls where all could see it as a dream community. Love built the Canal because he thought that by digging a short canal between two rivers that he could generate electricity to power homes and business in the community surrounding the canal. With the invention of AC power and a depression,Read MoreHazardous Waste and Superfund Sites1143 Words   |  5 Pageshave walked away leaving the American taxpayers holding the bag. In these circumstances, Superfund has paid the bill entirely with taxpayer money (EPA, 2010). With every new ecological disaster, the strain on Superfund becomes more significant. Since Congress has not reinstated fees on industry, any new disaster clean-up is paid for with emergency funding which inevitably comes out of the pockets of the public and adds to the already enormous deficit (Lester Rabe, 2008). Superfund Proponents

The Problem Of Suicide And Homelessness - 1359 Words

Suicide and Homelessness Homeless adults are committing suicide every day. Half of most suicides happen in men, ages 25 through 65, with the teenagers and women accounting with the other half. Based on the calculated population, people commit suicide every 13.3 minutes (Peter Jon). Mental illness is the factor that causes these deaths; mental illness refers to disorder that affects mood, thinking and behavior, this is the most frequent cause for suicide. People who suffer from depression are impulsive and use alcohol or drugs. Homeless adults who have mental disorders often commit suicide because of depression, abandonment, and the lack of education. Many human deaths are caused by depression, depression can be described by feeling sad, unhappy, or miserable. Research has shown that 90 percent of people who kill themselves suffered from depression, or another diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorder that leads them to this horrible tragedy called suicide (Wilson). Depression can lead to suicide if its not being treated, in the worst case. A harmful life event or events can lead to be a cause of a suicide attempt. If your wife died and you feel like you ca not deal with it, you drown yourself into drugs and drinking, you are left alone your children are now adults and are gone away somewhere married and they can not come with you. So you continue to drown yourself, until you do not have any more money and you go homeless, you then think and start talking to yourselfShow MoreRelatedSomewhere For Everyone By John Grisham Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesissue in America Homelessness is referred to a person or a group of people without a permanent residence. They cannot meet or maintain adequate housing due to various reasons. According to Project Home; â€Å"Nearly one-quarter (23 percent or 127,787) of all homeless people were children, under the age of 18. Ten percent (or 52,973) were between the ages of 18 and 24, and 66 percent (or 383,948) were 25 years or older.† (2016) with many of these people experiencing homelessness for episodes of monthsRead MoreHomosexuality for Males during Adolescence879 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences. Today, research shows adolescents question their sexuality at an earlier age than previously thought (Saewyc, 2011). Regardless of when a young male begins to explore his sexuality, a lack of friend and family support, bullying, and homelessness are some factors, which could negatively affect the health trajectory of gay teens (Collier, Bos, Sandfort, 2013; Hatzenbuehler, 2011; Mitchell, Ybarra, Korchmaros , 2013; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, 2012). For adolescent gay males, studiesRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinical criteria for hospitalization, leaving those who have significant mental health problems to fend for themselves. The link between homelessness and mental health is acknowledged but requires reform. A study completed by Folsom (2005), shows a correlation between homelessness and untreated mental healthRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 Pagesa lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases, only the critically-ill are meeting clinical criteria for hospitalization, leaving those who have significant mental health problems to fend for themselves. The link between homelessness and mental health is acknowledged, but requires reform (Bean Jr., G. J., SteflRead MoreHomelessness Is An Epidemic That Plagues Many People Across The United States1142 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is an epidemic that plagues many people across the United States for many different reasons. However, for young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, living homeless can b ecome especially difficult. Young people of the LGBT community are being put out of their homes, rejected by their families, and shunned by their communities in which they live because of their sexual orientation, something that they themselves have no choice over. This is because of prejudicesRead MoreHomelessness is No Longer an Issue1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe stock market crashing or the young mother who ended up pregnant before she could graduate high school and was kicked out by her parents? No, we do not blame anyone or anything for the homeless of America; we focus solely on fixing the problem. The problems and experiences that the homeless has to face are sometimes more traumatic than most what housed families have gone through in all of their lives, poor kids just cant do anything about it though. Considered â€Å"The Great Recession,† the timeRead MoreHow Bipolar Disorder Affects The Way A Person s Brain Works Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased amount of energy that could possibly give them the stamina to commit suicide. Then there are other patients who might show symptoms of depression that include, the loss of importance in their usual activities, long-drawn-out sad or irritable mood, extreme fatigue, feeling unimportant, sleeping too much or too little, plummeting grades, increase/decrease in appetite, anger, worry, and anxiety, and thoughts of death or suicide, just to name a few. (CDC, 2013; Mayo Clinic, 2016; Merscham, Leeuwen,Read MoreHomelessness in Canada Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness is a condition of people who lack regular access to adequate housing. As this condition becomes a growing problem in Canada people are forced to deal with the issues. Who are the homeless? They range from children to adults and even in some cases, families. Why are they homeless? Poverty, lack of jobs or well paying jobs, decline in Social Services, domestic violence, mental illness, and chemical dependency contribute to the majority of the homeless within our society. What effects doesRead MoreDepression Among The Homeless Community1348 Words   |  6 Pagesincapacitating [effect] on the individual’s ability to relate to others.† Depression can cause homelessness or vice versa. â€Å"One of the strongest sources of depression among the homeless community [is] their feelings of isolation and loneliness. Feelings of isolation and separation from others† can lead to â€Å"rooflessness, such as parental neglect.† (Philipps, 2012) Depression is a major public health problem, especially for low-income and homeless women. â€Å"Approximately 12% of women from all socioeconomicRead MoreFunding And Staffing Problems : The Community Based Mental Health Programs Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesFunding and Staffing Problems The community-based mental health programs are not only inadequate in relation to numbers, but also underfunded (Unite for Sight.org, 2013). According to Martin (1995), we live in a society that is increasingly becoming conscious of an excessive tax burden. Tax burden, on the other hand, provides for the realization of just how deinstitutionalization is directly related to politics and public policy. The pubic in America who account for the electorate, have a significant

World Trade Organisation Free Essays

string(154) " time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time\." The WTO TRIPS traces its origins from the 1994 General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT) Uruguay Rounds which proposed its existence. The TRIPS in essence spells out the standards for divers forms of regulations that touch on the intellectual property rights. To this effect, it divulges on standards each nation must meet to enforce the copyright laws, patenting, trade marks, the protection of confidential information, and the geographical indications. We will write a custom essay sample on World Trade Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the narrowness and the limitations that were found in the TRIPS, DOHA was then proposed. The DOHA is a multilateral commercial system that has been enshrined in the World Trade Organization(WTO) and seeks to make enhancements on economic growth, expansion and establishment. Having existed over fifty years, this multilateral trading system aims at working towards the entrenchment of international trade by ensuring a system that promotes the liberalisation of trade and international trade policies that catalyse the recovery of the economy, its growth and development. It is on this backdrop that the DOHA multilateral commercial system is against protectionism in international trade, following the objections that were created in the World Trade Agreement, the Marrakesh Agreement (Yeaman, 2003 pp. 39). Recent developments in the DOHA and TRPS meetings and their impacts on the LDCs’ agriculture and industries. The latest DOHA development and TRIPS Agreement national workshop meeting was held on 22nd February, 2007 in Indonesia, under the aegis of the WTO which was in liaison with the ministry of foreign affairs (Oberg, 2002 pp. 14). In the meeting, there were pressure from the developed economies on the developing countries to fulfill their obligations spelt out in the TRIPS Agreement Article 66. 2. This demanded that the Least Developing Countries (LDCs) facilitate and carry out technology transfer so as to introduce and maintain an efficient technological base that will make international trade feasible. The LDCs were censured for only submi tting reports that touch on technological training and capacity erections (Zhang, 2001 pp. 66). This is normally taken as a failure on the side of the developing economies, yet their financial base is too narrow to support this undertaking. The main issue here is the time and the financial resources that are needed to realise the policy- and this is not being well considered by the developed counterparts (Tawfik, 2000 pp. 138). The fourth WTO conference was held in November 2001, in Qatar, to ensure that TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) member states are helped to interpret the TRIPS policies so as to be able to take comprehensive measures on public health. Even in the WTO which is still a confederation of different states which have come together for the sake of trade, interests still thrive. The interests range from interstate competition to competition taking on the form of regional blocks pitted against each other (Plat, 2000 pp. 92). In this sense, regions and states will always seek to have policies that are favourable to them, entrenched by the WTO. For instance, Europe, the biggest global importer of agricultural and farm produce wants all forms of local support accorded to farmers plummeted. Europe’s main import zones include the developing economies and few developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Australia. In the same wavelength, it wants all the export subsidies offered to the same farmers extirpated by 2013. On the other end, it is pushing for lower tariffs (Taylor, 2003 pp. 40). The European Union says that it is pushing for global accessibility of all industrial goods in the international market. For this, it is aiming at pressuring the WTO to cut out high tariffs. From the facade, this seems a good idea, but it is, under close scrutiny, an artifice to strengthen Europe. Reduced subsidies will increase farming expenses for the farmers while at the other end, plummeted tariffs will only enable Europe to acquire agricultural and farm imports at a very affordable rate (Probs, 2002 pp. 155). From the days of the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT), there have been serious cases of structural imbalances and over protectionism in some trading regions, compared to the others. Therefore, Developing countries in the Uruguay Round expected that the heavily protected sectors (textiles and agriculture) would be made more accessible so as to make it possible for the LDC products to have sufficient international access. Howbeit, the two sectors remain locked being characterised by highly proscriptive tariffs with some striking and passing the 200%- 300% mark (Correa, 2004 pp. 244). This comes in the wake of the OECD’s Domestic subsidies having soared from 275 American billion dollars to 326 billion. In the textiles and fabrics domain, very minimal items produced by the LDCs have been removed from the quota list even after ten years of corrective implementation period has elapsed. According to the Bureau of International Textiles, only thirteen out of seven hundred and fifty have been exempted from the quota list by the US, while Europe has only excised fourteen out of two hundred and nineteen, and Canada, twenty nine out of two hundred and ninety five. This made it obvious that most of the quotas will not have been eradicated by the arrival of the targeted period of 2013 (Thomas, 2005 pp. 39). At the turn of the century, the realisation towards this exercise was retrogressed by America’s announcement that she would in order to protect her local steel industry, impose a 30% tariff on her steel imports. This demonstrates clearly the fact that most developed nations in the WTO are not ready to forfeit their interests just to facilitate international trade (Rajan, 2005 pp. 139). Inspite of the fact that the developed countries have not carried out all of their liberalization obligations, yet LDCs are the ones currently under pressure to expedite their liberalisation of their investments and imports from the international financial entities and regional trade facilitators. The paradox of these developments is that the developed countries who propose these policies ask for more time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time. You read "World Trade Organisation" in category "Papers" For instance, the proscription of investment subsidies and measures makes it very difficult to facilitate the domestic or local industries. This in turn ushers in poverty and then consequently, dependency syndrome. The liberalization of the agricultural sector is also a setback to small scale farmers since their products become subject to international competition which is characterised by cheaper foreign products ,making incursions into the market. The products from the developed countries are always cheap, following the fact that the dealers in them enjoy huge government subsidies. On the other hand, the developing economies do not have a financial pool, large enough to facilitate the issuance of subsidies to its farmers. This amounts to nothing else but unequal competition ( Tomilson, 1998 pp. 106). WTO TRIPS tolerates very high standards of IPR ( Intellectual Property Rights) type of leadership. This leads to the entrenchment of high prices on medicine, health services and other essential services at the behest of Northern corporation patenting. These Northern corporations deal in biological materials which come from the south and their patenting leads to high costs and at the same time, diminishes the accessibility of industrial technology to developing countries (Trebilcock, 2000 pp. 91). Again, on the 15th May, 2003 WTO TRIPS Meeting that was aimed at implementing policies that were to aid development seemed to lack sincerity and good will. The TRIPS were to engage in the technical support and assistance of the LDCs. However, even the Secretariat was not accorded with chance to air the key issues as touching on the options of the LDCs. This means that should this plan be carried out, the assistance may not be that which will truly meet the needs of the LDCs (Hoekman, Philip and Mattoo, 1996 pp. 45). The matter of patenting of the pharmaceuticals that have been proposed by the WTO TRIPS is also posing a potential threat to the LDCs. The developed economies know this well and this is why, in liaison with the movers and shakers of these ministerials, are trying to hoodwink the LDCs by exempting them from subscribing to the Sections 7 and 5 fully, citing an extended grace period that stretches to January 2016 (Gamharter, 2004 pp. 9). However, they are quite sure about the accruals that will begin to trickle in on the inception of these sections. This period is not enough for the LDCs to improve their health sectors to match the competition that will be coming from the international medical and health care practitioners. LDCs are likely then to face untold miseries in the public health sectors, taking the form of the in ability to provide comprehensive medicinal services and health acre due to price fluctuation from the international dealers. The local medical care givers will also face a lot of disillusionment, stemming from competition from the international medical care givers. In the agricultural sector, the TRIPS has also been a let down to the LDCs. This is because, although the LDCs have not yet industrialised, meaning that their economic mainstay is agriculture, yet, Paragraph 11 of the Agricultural Section of the TRIPS only lists down matters pertaining to agriculture, in relation to the LDCs’ development, but does not elaborate further how the issues are to be tackled. This section contains serious matters such as the LDCs being excluded from the exercise of curbing the subsidies, so as to extirpate cases of cheap foreign food products from inundating the local food products and market, the ratification of a market access that is quota free to the LDCs agricultural products (Evenson and Staniello, 2004 pp. 203). This section also was supposed to tackle the issue of LDCs being given the chance to re- evaluate their bound tariff rate to ward off cases of disillusionment of local farmers in the LDCs . Inspite of the seriousness of this provision, it has never been developed or revised for ratification, since it seems that the accruals will now not be trickling so much more to the developed economies (Carvalho, 2002 pp. 97). The local service providers in the developing world have also been left non- viable due to the fact that developing economies have been forced to open up to international market, their service sectors. For instance, it is on this backdrop that national telecommunication corporations in Africa, are closing down following the arrival of the international telephone service providers such as the American originated Vodaphone company, and the European telephone service provider known in Africa as the Celtel (Trendl, 2002 pp. 49) LCDs’ frustrations stemming from inconsistencies in the running of the WTO programmes. Apart from these glaring facts about the competitive interests of the states, developing countries encounter setbacks in the realisation of its goals due to lack of structural balance and some pitfalls within the WTO. For instance, in 1999 Seattle ministerial and in the 2001 DOHA ministerial, developing economies presented these realities with the intention of making the WTO revoke the pristine stipulations, only for the developed economies to state that developing economies had entered commitments that were legally binding, and that it is incumbent upon the developing economies to complete their payments first before such matters of abrogation of policies are considered. In the fifth Ministerial which was convened in Singapore, 2003, the LDCs were being prevailed upon to postpone the issues for the new agreements but at the same time, the LDCs were still subject to the many concessions on their side. This does not only betray the lopsidedness of the WTO, but also acts as a pointer to the fact that the developing economies were going to continue being subjected to double payments (Twiggz, 1989 pp. 80). Hitherto, the developed countries had not accrued any anticipated gain from the textile or agricultural concessions. Developing countries are, concerning the issue being told that their proposals that they be given access to the Northern markets, will only, as a pay package deal, be considered in the post DOHA meeting schedule. However, this was to be on condition that they conform with new WTO issues. It is a fact that the new agreements may not usher in gains since the WTO lacks reciprocity, as is being seen in the international trade imbalance. This is also intimating the fact that even in the face of new agreements, developing countries will still be poised to be shortchanged. Furthermore, there is no clear pointer to the fact that there will be the WTO systems and policy re- evaluation or balancing. Neither is the access to the Northern market by the developed countries, nor the abrogation of these policies going to take place so easily (Wu, 2003 pp. 120). Many developing countries also find themselves receiving difficulties in the form of plummeted prices of commodities and the incapacitation on the side of the developing countries to diversify or to adjust upwards, their exports, due to the limitations on the side of the supplies and the accessibility of the market. This problem also arises out of the imbalances within the trading system of the WTO (Wong, 2002 pp. 75). Even the process by which consensus is reached in the WTO is wanting. The will of the developed countries always seem to inundate that of their counterparts in the developing countries. While it is true that the majority in the WTO comprise the developing economies, yet their unified voices cannot secure their interests against their developed counterparts. When the LDCs presented their objections to the WTO, the developed economies maintained that there was no apparent need for WTO systems and rules being rebalanced. The developed economies being the minority, yet could still prevail upon the WTO panel to have it that the recommendations by the LDCs be reviewed in peace meals. This is the reason why even after several years before and after the DOHA, no re- balancing or review of these inequalities have been carried out. On the contrary, appeals by the developing economies that there be the reviewing of the problems before the inception of negotiations on new areas were drastically scuttled (Vohra, 2000 pp. 19). Upon these development, the developed countries also arose to exert pressure on the WTO to lengthen its mandate to make rules so as to integrate the new areas that were being opposed by the LDCs, an action which the developing economies countered together with other groupings from other regional blocks (Benson, 1996 pp. 102). Apart from stating their case that they were not set to have new negotiations and/ or to adhere to the subsequent rules, the underdogs stated it clearly that they were not in full knowledge of what the newly proposed issues could portend, in terms of obligations. In addition to the above reasons, the developed economies maintained that the newly proposed agreements would add to their already inundating burdens, more obligations which would continue to further derail their development progress. As a result, the LDCs maintained that these newly proposed agreements be still considered for discussions but without being given first hand priority (Burke, 1999 pp. 33) . However, spates of unusual and enigmatic methodologies in WTO decision making, made it possible for the views of the developing countries not to be considered in Geneva DOHA Ministerial Declaration. This state of affairs elicited disgruntlement from the developing countries’ side since they saw in this, nontransparent and unrepresentative draftings. The LDCs posited that a draft elaborating the differences between the two sides be availed in lieu of the one sided draft which tended to carry some elements of deception that it was drafted on a consensus. Strangely enough, once again, these proposals were disregarded and the document that favoured the new issues was adapted as the premise of the negotiations. This gave the developed economies an upper hand. At Doha, in the Green Room meeting, only very few countries were allowed in, to act as the representatives of those left out. The process turned out to be unrepresentative, nontransparent, and not the true representation of their views. Objections arose at the last session at DOHA when the chairperson at the meeting declared that a consensus touching on modalities and the newly proposed agreements was a prerequisite for the negotiations to begin in the next sitting (Chan and Sherman, 2000 pp. 54). The prospects of the post DOHA constructions and how they are likely to affect the LDCs. Experts posit that the talk is to touch on nineteen areas which are broad scaled, touching on politics and economy, as opposed to the Uruguay Round agenda which only touched on economics. The Post DOHA program is said to be heavy since it touches on human resources, time and technical expertise which the developing countries lack. Other issues that are likely to come up are subsidies, electronic commerce, dumping, and the new work program which at the present is said to promote the imbalance between the developed and the developing economies in the WTO. Instead of seeking to offset the inconsistency between the two spheres, the WTO has on the contrary, accorded special handling of the high areas of interests to the developed economies and neglecting the high areas of interest to the least developed economies (Shan, 2007 pp. 203). This has translated into situations whereby areas that are considered to portend deep interests are being rushed after by the developed countries while in the mean time the developing economies try to deliberately hinder these areas from being seized by the developed economies. Some of these areas of interest touch on matters such as electronic commerce, matters touching on the environment and employment (Tsuruoka, 1995 pp. 89). More problems are bound to arise since, whereas the the developing countries consider the implementation issues such as the provisions of the balance of payments, textile and agriculture, these matters have not been slotted anywhere in the work programmes main text book. On the other hand, matters that are considered more important by the developed countries compared to the developing counterparts, – matters such as science, technology, and finance are already in the main text book of the main program. Matters such as special and designated treatment are also considered important by the developing countries since this party wants to tackle the issue in the next DOHA ministerial, to instill precision, effectiveness and efficiency. In the main text book of the work program, this matter has not been featured anywhere, meaning that the developing countries will in the meantime continue to be subjected to the whims of those with the upper hand in the WTO. This system of special and designated provision plummet the substantive extent of the obligations that are to be presided over by the developing economies. It is thus very clear that even the work programs provision, or its running is lopsided and is therefore of no benefit at all to the developing economies. Instead, it is a stepping stone to the developed countries for their beneficence, yet, these countries give nothing to the developing countries (Schuller, 2002 pp. 144). This happens in the face of total contravention to the GATT/ and the WTO Reciprocal Principle since the process of negotiations amongst all members of the WTO must be guided by the chief principle of reciprocity. The concept of reciprocity according to experts should not be pegged on particular commitments in the agreements, but should also be based upon the designation of items for close attention . Albeit, it must be noted that it is quite paradoxical that the WTO new face started with a promotion of an imbalance. Interestingly enough, this same work program has been at times referred to alternatively as the development plan. It is commonsense that if the development plan itself is faulty, and has also been totally fixed by the top developed countries to suit their own economic interests, given the fact that nothing has been reflected in it to give priority to the developing countries, then the world should anticipate nothing else but the widening of the gulf between the rich countries and the poor countries ( Chan, 2002 pp. 002). Not only this, but if the situation is not turned around (for which there is a very slim chance), then capital is likely to continue flowing from the developing countries into the metropoles, making the metropoles richer day by day, while leaving the poor more emaciated upon every actualisation of an international business deal. As touching on the imp lementation issues, the decisions by Doha has not been very satiating. For instance, it is now a WTO policy that agreements and countervailing policies touching on subsidies in the least developing countries with a Gross National Production (GNP) less than 1,000 US dollar per annum, keep on being included in the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement measures list. It is only upon exceeding this line for three consecutive years that a country will be expunged from this list. On any country’s GDP falling below this mark, the country will automatically be re- included in this list (Chan- Gonzaga, 2001 pp. 21). This portends more problems to the Developing economies since they are the ones who are highly susceptible to fall into these traps, given their small scale economies and hence, low GDP. Although there have been proposals by developing economies that these systems that cause imbalances and give rise to problems be revoked, yet as far as touching on these substantive matters, there has been hardly development made on the issue. It is on this premise that many developing economies will be given no priority in the oncoming post DOHA meetings, since these countries will be falling within this rubric of countries that fall below the mark of 1,000 US dollars per annum. Much to the chagrin of these developing nations, the matters already designated for negotiations (the Singapore issues) are not only very sensitive, but are also posing higher potential of reaching the negotiation status. This makes it harder for the rest of the developing countries, should there be need to reach consensus through a plebiscite, which is usually a game of numbers (Das, 1999 pp. 120). Following the stipulations from the Uruguay Round, part of the oncoming designated agenda for the WTO will touch on the negotiation on agriculture. The previous DOHA declaration spells out that in the agricultural negotiations, the principal focus will be working out towards total excision of the export subsidies. This will also include the working towards making governments desist from issuing local support offered to the farmer and the trader, since this local support, they say, distorts international trade. Mostly, this will demand that developed countries be prevailed upon to to revoke the issuance of subsidies (Elchelberger and Allen, 2000 pp. 55). Experts point out that the major developed countries can use these terms to point out that the measures of the domestic support that were included in Annex 2 are not to be subjected to reduction talks. This will lead to the major developed nations being exempt from the reduction injunctions. This will be catastrophic to the farmers and traders in the developing economies since they will not be liable to receiving subsidies while their counterparts in the developed economies will be receiving the subsidies. This brings about unequal competition in the international market yet at the same time, it poses high protectionism in the developed countries. This is an outright application of double standards. The oncoming negotiations will also include the part of services as one of the set- in agenda. This will follow in the wake of the realisation of the fact that the WTO branch, the General Trade on Services, the GATS, is also imbalanced. The developed economies poses far much greater power in the services sector, while the developing countries on the other hand, are very feeble in this sense. In addition to this, they are faced with limitations in supply. This leaves the developing economies with the incapacity to fairly compete with the developed countries. General impact of the WTO stipulations on the LDCs Having looked at that pitfalls of WTO and its bodies (the DOHA and the TRIPS), it is now incumbent that the consequences of these pitfalls on developing economies be looked at. It is also important to note that some of these implications have already been dealt with. The WTO deals with other nations through the two Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is these two Bretton Woods institutions that some times make sure that the policies carried out in the WTO to promote the international financial transactions are implemented or carried out by the developing countries. It is to this effect that these institutions are known to carry out draconian measures on developing countries to ensure that these countries ratify the implementations. For instance, the 1990s saw most African countries and other developing countries being denied foreign aid because they were still resisting the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs. Apart from the fact that this measure stagnated the development process and the financial growth rate, most countries were left paralysed, not being even able to support even the running of the daily domestic economic activities (Guo, 2002 pp. 100). These Structural adjustment programs were in themselves not suitable to the developing economies’ prospects and programs ( it must be remembered that the Structural Adjustment Programs were the initiatives of the WTO which then was out to bolster international trade). To be more precise, the Structural Adjustment Programs had one of its guidelines being cost sharing. Herein, developing countries were to reduce their debt- to- revenue ratio by accepting this methodology of cost sharing. This policy was being heralded by the developed economies and the two Bretton Woods Institutions as the panacea that was to extirpate the widespread cases of over reliance on foreign aid (Lewis 2000, pp. 208) In the first case, African countries and their developing counterparts were told that they were spending too much on their educational programmes. To turn around the situation, these countries were supposed to withdraw permanently, the custom of issuing allowances to students. In addition to this, access to educational loans was to be plummeted, meaning that only students with high outstanding performance were to access these loans. The governments in the developing countries, and especially Africa, were to invent ways of making money from the educational sector, and for this, the Module Two Programs emerged. These Module Two Programmes, otherwise known as Parallel Programmes run autonomously from the government funded, or subsidised conventional university programs (Hu, 2001 pp. 255). These measures on the educational programs have lead to massive cases in the developing economies not being able to expand their educational programmes, to match the rising educational demand that stems from the growing population. As a result, many students who merit going to the university miss securing admission. In addition to this, the Parallel programmes are too expensive for the ordinary citizens in the developing countries to afford. In a nutshell, this measure of cost sharing in the educational sector only succeeded in making education in the developing countries inaccessible, and thus making these countries susceptible to massive cases of brain drain. For the first time, in the 1994, four years after the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programmes, there were cases of university students being dismissed from universities due to fee arrears in the eastern Africa region. At the same time, those students with good grades and a fair financial pool who fail to make it to the government subsidised programmes opt for oversees studies in the developed countries. Upon completion, these students prefer to work in these developing countries. This massive cases of transnational exodus for greener pastures has left the developing countries more and more subjected to brain drain and lack of skilled labour (Kang, and Feng, 2002 pp. 107). Still on the concept of cost sharing, the governments in the developing countries were prevailed upon by the two Bretton Woods Institutions to reduce their expenditures by carrying out a massive exercise of downsizing the civil service so as to trim its size. These exercises were to be carried out starting from 1995- 2005 in most African economies for example. In Latin America, the measure was to be carried out in phases starting from 1992- 2002. However, contrary to what developing countries were told, the carrying out of this exercise only proved to be a Pandora box, ushering in untold catalogues of untold misery at the hands of poverty. Simply put, the myriad numbers of the retrenched civil servants found themselves subject to poverty ( Low, 1997 pp. 124). In the same spectrum, the concept of international trade which was formed by the WTO and heralded by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund that nations cede away the production of certain products to other countries with specialisation ( both natural and human resources, together with technological endowment), does not ager well with the developing nations. Developing nations are kept from realising their dreams of indutrialisation through this concept. Moreover, the concept itself is innately twisted since a nation can be having adequate natural resources and man power, but can be a fledgeling economy that has not yet fine tuned its technological advancement with its indutrialisation programmes (Lyon, 1996 pp. 51). More importantly, the exercise translates into more problems since it leads to more cases of jobs being forfeited, especially in the developing economies, since developing economies have not yet fully been industrialised. This strain of international outsourcing coupled together with its twin, the downsizing of the civil service, has increased the level of unemployment in the developing sector. The problem proves to be hydra headed since the potential tertiary education students who miss out on learning opportunities together with the retrenched civil servants, add to the bulk of the unemployed population with no means of livelihood. It is on this backdrop that all the developing economies have national security matters making it to the top five national agenda in the annual review of national programmes (Shrybman, 2001 pp. 7). World trade, an undertaking which the WTO Is chiefly interested in, is in itself also bedeviled by many issues that touch on the entrenchment of political, cultural and economic domination of the developing countries by their global trading counterparts, the developed countries. For instance, although the developed countries form the minority in the WTO DOHA, yet their will is highly predominant over the developing countries’ (Wong and Mc Ginty, 2002, pp. 40). In addition to this, the same institutions that are used to channel foreign funds to the developing economies, the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Funds (IMF), belong to the developed economies. In addition to being the conduit through which foreign fundings reach other countries, these two Bretton Woods Institutions are supposed to offer advisory services, and at the same time, carry out investigative and monitoring activities on the developing economies’ progress (Mah, 1998 pp. 120). In the course of the monitoring progress, the developing economies are supposed to submit their statements of accounts to either the WB or the IMF. This exposes easily, the developing countries to political manipulation by the developed countries, especially those in the west (Markel, 2000 pp. 43). It is also through the WTO’s international outsourcing that different multinational corporations have been able to make incursions into the developing nations territories to indulge in the provision of goods and services in the developing countries. Some of these companies include the shipping company, Maersk, the petroleum companies such as the British owned, British Petroleum (BP) and the Shell, and the American and British owned Kenol Kobil (Lauffs and Singh, 2000 pp. 173). Any country that wants to take part in the trade that uses the sea routes in the eastern African region must register with the Italian shipping and handling company, Maersk. This in itself amounts to economic domination since these countries are accorded a laissez faire condition, devoid of domestic competition. In the same vein, the companies that come from the developing countries are not accorded by the WTO and the international trade counterparts any chance to trade in the developed countries’ backyard ( Lewis and Rhodes, 2002 pp. 88). It is a well known fact that the process of international trade relations is mostly hinged upon the concept of instantaneous exchange of information in a trans border sense. Because this process is aided by the existence of technological advancement, the previous WTO DOHA ministerials and the TRIPS meetings have been characterised by the prevailing upon the developing countries to hasten the process of technology transfer and installation (Li, 2002 pp. 187). This was in accordance with the aim to have free and efficient flow of information in an interstate manner that could promote trade. Although this measure being considered by the TRIPS under the aegis of the WTO is not geared towards any harm, yet the WTO has not yet looked at the full repercussion of this measure. For instance, it is on this backdrop that developing nations have fell for serious cases of cultural domination. Since the developed countries exceed the the LDCs in commercial and technological knowledge and skills, most of the trans border exchange of information flow from the developed countries to the LDCs. However, with this huge volume of needed information, also comes, information that always insinuate the socio- cultural traits of the developed countries as being superior to the LDCs’. At the same time, the Socio- cultural practices in the developed economies are insidiously permeated into the social fabric of the developing economies (Lewis, 2002 pp. 62). It is on the above premise that small factions have come up to resist these spates of developments by using terrorist attacks. While these attacks are always aimed at the major developed economies, yet to instill pressure on the developed nations, these quasi religious military ragtags also aim at the trading allies of the major developed countries who are normally, the LDCs. It is because of these state of affairs that there were twin bombings in the two most lucrative capitals in the eastern African region in August 1998 by the Al Qaeda forces. Similar cases are also widely common in the world of the developing countries (Mukherjee, 2000 pp. 172). Conclusion. Therefore, it can be seen clearly that the LDCs in the international trade through their relations with the developed countries, courtesy of the WTO, has elicited more pain than gain. Nevertheless, all is not lost for the LDCs, since the Doha declaration posits that it, as an organisation, has an aim of making the development of the LDCs actualise. To this end, the development needs of the LDCs such as food security and health will continue to remain core issues that will control the implementation of other policies. The LDCs should seize this provision to illustrate that their indutrialisation and development will not come without food security, and food security will not be realised by their economies since the mainstay of their food source remains, small scale farming. These small scale farmers being economically challenged, deeply need government subsidies and domestic support. In nearly the same manner, the LDC factions within the WTO such as the the Group 15 that is made up of the heads of the governments should continue working towards collaborations among the LDCs in calling for new global approaches, as it was agreed upon by the same in the 11th Summit that was held in Jakarta, Indonesia. How to cite World Trade Organisation, Papers

Social Media Marketing Of CBA Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Marketing Of CBA. Answer: Introduction Active social media presence is significant for now in all types of businesses. Social media networks provide an advantage to drive the target audiences of the organisations. Moreover, using social media networks for business can boost the website's SEO (Search Engine Optimisation). For a bank, through social media marketing, it can improve to have a higher conversation to customers, to increase the traffic and to develop bank loyalty. The aim of the report is to highlight the social media presence and social media marketing techniques of Commonwealth Bank of Australia. In the first section, the social media presence and audience profiles will be explained. In the later section, social media marketing strategies will be described with current statistics. Moreover, ethics, security and privacy policies of social media will also be analysed in the final section. Overview of the organisation Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) is a public bank of Australia and it is a multinational bank. This bank has branches across United States, Fiji, New Zealand, the UK and other Asian Countries. Headquarter of the bank is situated in Sydney, Australia. CBA has more than 1100 branches across the world and was established in the year 1911 as a government bank. Then, in the year 1991, this bank became public company. CBA works in retail banking services, institutional banking and markets, business and private banking and wealth management (Commbank.com.au, 2017). Moreover, CBA offers finance and insurance, corporate banking, consumer banking, private equity, investment management, mortgages and credit cards facilities to the consumers. In the last year 2016, the revenue of the bank was AUD 24.58 billion. This is the largest company in Australia that is listed on Australia Securities Exchange. In addition, Commonwealth Bank Australia wants to have high conversion rates, good marketing ROI, and increase website traffics through social media marketing. Social media presence of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Now, the most of the people are getting tech-savvy and in case of Australia, maximum people are using social media. It is very much easy now to reach the people through social media network and it is cost effective. Through social media, CBA got unexpected growth in Australia and in the Asian countries. CBA has its own website and in this website, the customer can find links through which they can join CBA's social media pages. Customers can join Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Snapchat, Google+ and You Tube. Commonwealth Bank Australia loves to hear from customers and the organisation gives plenty of chances to the customers to stay in touch (Commbank.com.au, 2017). In case of Facebook, CBA has currently more than 739,900 likes and more than 5,500 Facebook users visited the Facebook page of CBA. As it is finance based company, the organisation wants to reach people and teach people about financial literacy and services and products they offer. Most interestingly, CBA reached 100,000 Facebook users within one year of launching their Facebook page. CBA's customer service team try to respond each of the queries in real-time basis posted on the Facebook page or in the inbox. This has enabled the traditional customer service provision of the over-the-counter policy. In case of Twitter, CBA has its account named #CommBank and they have been active on Twitter since May 2008. On the Twitter, this bank has more than 80.7K followers and the organisation twitted 36.7K. The organisation follows more than 4K through twitters. Most importantly, the management has decided to be active on Twitter like Facebook in order to engage more users and market the services and products. In addition, in case of LinkedIn, CBA has its presence and users can find them using the catch word Commonwealth Bank on LinkedIn for career opportunities and like to access industry experts for any queries. In Instagram, it is the latest sensation for the digital age and most of the young generation use this social media for posting images and videos. CBA has been using this social media network since its beginning. The users can find CBA using @CommBank. This bank posted more than 700 posts and has followers of 13.K. The funny images, creative GIFs and relevant videos make this social media page attractive for users. Moreover, this bank has You Tube channel and customers can subscribe these channels. CBA has two You Tube channels for the users, CommBank Business Channel and CommBank Channel for spreading the knowledge of financial tools, tutorials and tips to invest money in the bank. Additionally, in Snapchat, users can find CBA by using key words CommBankSnaps. Here, the customers can find the relevant news of company, community, legal and business aspects of the organisation. Lastly, in Google+, the customers can find CBA by using CommBank and CBA posts images and news of services and products through Google+ for the users. Social media audience of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Purpose of social media marketing is to reach the target audiences and increase the customer base of the organisation for a bank (Tuten Solomon, 2014). Social media marketing falls under internal marketing strategy of the organisation and the overall objectives remain same. The target audiences of a bank are to grab the future customers of the organisation. CBA post various images, discount offers, financial news and videos in order to reach the customers and the users of social networks may get interested for being a part of CBA. CBA joined social media to target specific demographics or psychographic segmentation of the customers. They use the strategy to ask the users to comment on posts and they personalise the business. In this case, Facebook creates a part of banking and its social media strategy is to create a community to interact the customers through online. The target audiences are customers of the CBA bank make them loyal to the bank in any kind of investments. Moreover, the audiences of CBA in social media are new start-up ventures people to generate funding. The target of CBA in social media can be investors who want to invest in business in the banking sectors. The common people are the target audience and number of these audiences is bigger than others. The users may want to know about private equity, mortgage and interest rate, the customer service team are there to solve the issues when these are posted on social media pages. 56% of the social media users log into social media pages more than 5 times a day and 84% of the Australian adults access the internet on daily basis (Sensei.com, 2017). Facebook Instagram Snapchat Twitter LinkedIn Google+ 93% 45% 40% 32% 17% 10% Table: Daily use of social network (Source: Cio.com.au, 2017) The CEO of CBA demanded that the strategy of CBA is to build bridges between customers and banking services through social media networks, not to just make an echo-chamber. In case of CBA, the customer engages rate through social media extends to 20% last year (Smartcompany.com.au, 2017). CBA is one of the top most banks in the world who have customers to use online banking services. More than 1.75 million Australians use NetBank in each day. In order to reach customers, CBA uses mainly content strategies that attract the customers. Social media marketing of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Social media presence of a bank gives opportunities to create the meaningful connection to the users and customers. The marketing through social media helps to lure desirable consumers that must support the organisational goals. The management of bank tracks the ROI in social media marketing as well. Social Media marketing of Commonwealth Bank Australia is based on mainly content marketing strategy. They generally use attractive contents in order to engage maximum users on social media pages. Promoting a service or product of CBA, they use mainly content marketing strategy to create connections on social media pages. 44% of the social media users like to read engaging contents on social media if they are beneficial for them (Ashley Tuten, 2015). CBA tries to being personal in content marketing and asks the customers to share likes and comment on the posts. In last Ashes series, when Australia whitewashed England, CBA used impressing content marketing through social media. CBA made short videos on cricketers caricatures and they used mimicked voices to it (Scott, 2015). Content marketing of Commonwealth Bank Australia pushed the target markets through this and that can share the knowledge of the users through social media. This content strategy on social media pages like Facebook, Twitter and CBA used this subtle way that could inform the potential customers to engage on their posts. In addition, CBA uses CSR techniques through social media marketing and they use the tactic of Community Seeds. They ask the customers to generate $125,000 for the six different communities through Facebook in order to develop the community life (Dwivedi, Kapoor Chen, 2015). Through Facebook, the organisation started a campaign in opening savings account for all. CBA uses the strategy to give way gifts for the winners of any competition. CBA distributed EM I music voucher, movie voucher and gift coupons for the customers. CBA used the strategy of Time Vault, through which the users of Facebook needed to give the right answers about companys history posted on Facebook page each day. Ethics, privacy and security of social media Everything that an individual does online is getting public and one cannot delete' this forever. An organisation must know about the consequences of taking any action through social media. Privacy of the customers or any users should not be penetrated through social media. Commonwealth Bank shared their ideas that they never posted any distort news or any images that can hurt the sentiment of any particular class and people. In recent time, Commonwealth Bank faced the issue of ethics when in two pages of employment policy, they wrote about employees' responsibility on posting on social media pages about CBA (Lovelock Patterson, 2015). CBA declared that no employees can post anything negative about CBA on social media. However, legal experts fired back as they say that no organisation can ever interfere with someone's personal expression. Moreover, inappropriate images and news about CBA on social media pages can harm the brand loyalty of the bank and it may also pose marketing of cu stomer expectation. CBA has customer support team to solve the issue when it is posted on social media before it is getting viral. CBA does not do unsupported endorsement and compromise about consumer privacy. When CBA uses to collect consumer behaviour data, they do not compromise with privacy (Gordon et al. 2016). In case of security, CBA claims that they never steal the identity of the users and share personal information of any users on social media pages. Any kind of personal discussion is done through personal inbox and not in comment section publicly. Any kind of hacking and spamming of email are not entertained by the IT cell of the CBA (Hyder, 2016). CBA does not share any URL on social media pages that can be vulnerable to the customers. CBA itself uses link scanner to be secure. Social media technologies Business organisations are no longer use social media for only communication purposes, however, social media analytics are now capturing in the industry, especially in the financial sector to analyse the data. Most of the organisations trying to capture competitive advantage through social media marketing. Content strategy, sharing link or optimising the SEO, these strategies can be evaluated through social media analytical tools (Chang, Yu Lu, 2015). Financial Technology (FinTech) is one such tool that can be used to gather financial information on social media pages. Woolworths, the largest retail of Australia takes help from Socialbakers analytical tools to analyse the engagement of the customers on social media pages (Smartcompany.com.au, 2017). However, Commonwealth Bank Australia does not use any social media technology to analyse their social media performance. CBA just uses social media pages like Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, You Tube and all. Buffer is a tool that makes a s chedule for posting contents on social media pages according to customer engagement. Buffer analyses that most numbers of Facebook users become online on Friday. In addition, Agora Pulse is an interesting analytical tool that helps the professionals to posts on three social media at a time. Conclusions In recent days, social media is taken as best tool in order to connect with customers of the organisation. With consistent updating of the services and products on social media can help to increase the market share and customer base. It is observed that CBA uses traditional social media strategy of content marketing. However, social media presence of CBA is strong and they have customer service department in order to give replies to social media queries. The social media marketing of CBA boosts the advertisement of this bank as it is cost effective. CIO of CBA, Michael Hate opined that they provide real time posts on social media. On the contrary, it is observed that the organisation has been facing challenges in the analysis of social media performance as they do not have social media analytics and social media analytical tools within the organisation. Recommendations Setting up chat times: It is needed for CBA to connect the customers at personal level and setting up chat time (on live) is very important. Customers and potential future customers have various questions regarding investment opportunities in CBA, if they can chat with customer support team over voices or through messages would be helpful. Giving thoughtful answers to the customers queries will definitely increase social media presence. Introduction of social media analytics: CBA must use social media analytical tool in their organisation and in order to continue using, CBA needs to hire skilled analytics. In order to gain a competitive edge, CBA can use these tools help to gauge the customers sentiment and monitor the performance of the organisation on social media platforms. Tie in blog posts: CBA posts short and relatively catchy contents on social media pages as people do not have enough time to read long contents. However, if a customer wants to know the financial benefits, financial services of CBA, blog posts would be perfect. Blog posts links can be shared on social media that will make more financial literate customers. References Ashley, C., Tuten, T. (2015). Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), 15-27. CBA in hot water over social media policy - SmartCompany. (2017).SmartCompany. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/advice/startupsmart-legal/cba-in-hot-water-over-social-media-policy/ Chang, Y. T., Yu, H., Lu, H. P. (2015). Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion, and message diffusion in social media marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(4), 777-782. Dwivedi, Y. K., Kapoor, K. K., Chen, H. (2015). Social media marketing and advertising.The Marketing Review,15(3), 289-309. Facebook, H. (2017).How to kick start your social media strategy Commonwealth Bank focusses on Facebook.CIO. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.cio.com.au/article/412478/how_kick_start_your_social_media_strategy_commonwealth_bank_focusses_facebook/ Gordon, R., Gordon, R., Zainuddin, N., Zainuddin, N., Magee, C., Magee, C. (2016). Unlocking the potential of branding in social marketing services: utilising brand personality and brand personality appeal.Journal of Services Marketing,30(1), 48-62. Hyder, S. (2016).The zen of social media marketing: An easier way to build credibility, generate buzz, and increase revenue. BenBella Books, Inc. Kasemsap, K. (2014). The role of social media in the knowledge-based organizations.Integrating social media into business practice, applications, management, and models, 2(1), 254-275. Lovelock, C., Patterson, P. (2015).Services marketing. Sydney: Pearson Australia. Scott, D. M. (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sensei.com.au (2017). Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.sensis.com.au/asset/PDFdirectory/Sensis_Social_Media_Report_2017-Chapter-1.pdf Stay in touch with us on Social - CommBank. (2017).Commbank.com.au. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.commbank.com.au/personal/support/social-networks.html Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014).Social media marketing. London: Sage.