African Tulip Tree Puerto Rico s Salvation Or Invasive...

African Tulip Tree: Puerto Rico’s Salvation or Invasive Pest? Lauren Fegan September 6, 2015 WSES 4309 THESIS The African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) is a native species of tree that is found along the West coast of Africa from Ghana to Angola and inland across the center of the continent to southern Sudan and Uganda. (Source #1) The vivid fiery hue of the flowers of the African tulip tree contributed to its introduction to Puerto Rico more than a century earlier as an ornamental. (Source #2) More than a century later the African tulip tree has contributed to the reforestation of lands formerly abandoned by agricultural collapse. It is now the most abundant tree in the secondary forests of Puerto Rico. (Source #3) The opportunistic nature of the resilient African tulip tree has transformed the landscape of Puerto Rico by providing habitat and aiding in the recovery of flora and fauna due to anthropogenic ecocide. NARRATIVE At the end of the fifteenth century the natives of Puerto Rico called the Taino inhabited the island. The Taino were highly skilled in agriculture, and were dependent on fishing for their sustenance. When the Europeans arrived to the island the Taino native population was quickly obliterated by the small pox epidemic of 1518. The small pox epidemic of 1518 was responsible for killing 90% of the native population. (Source #5 John F. Richards) The island was nearly 100 percent forested before the arrival of the Spanish

The Formation Of West African History - 1070 Words

Darien Wellman West African History Dr. Hargrove March 8, 2015 The Formation of West African States In the recent decades, West Africa has been studied and analyzed by multiple geographers and historians. Combined with history of the rise of early civilizations, religious influences and conquests, this region continues to open more dialogue on how these events from its past took place. One subject in particular has also become part of that discussion. That subject happens to deal with the rise and creation of West African states. In this essay, I will discuss how these states were created as well as the multiple ways in which the use of both inside and outside influences helped to shape these various states. After much research, it is clear that many of what would become West African states began with the kingdom of Ghana. According to Roger Gocking, who wrote the book called The History of Ghana, the reason why states started here was because of evidence from the time when Ghana’s kingdom existed. He stated â€Å"archaeol ogical evidence indicates that much of the early Iron Age activity was located in the Volta Basin of northern Ghana. The common occurrence of low-grade iron ore and wood for fuel stimulated iron-smelting industries in this region. As a result, it was not surprising that it was here that centralized states first developed.† As important as the Iron Age was to the early development of these states, it was not the only reason. During this period, Gocking saidShow MoreRelatedIf a Picture Paints...1025 Words   |  5 Pages art played the singular role of portraying history. Whether in the form of cave drawings or sculptures, this art was a tangible representation of the culture, history, and perspectives of the artist and his resulting personal interpretations. As language and writing developed, art never weakened, and illustrations continued to serve as unique perspectives throughout history. In many cases, these illustrations serve as valid representations of history. These pai ntings can prove documentary-like inRead MoreEssay on Plate Tectonics: A Look at the African Plate1140 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Africa plate with highlighting the most interested geological features in the first part. This including the type of plate boundaries and a brief history of the Africa plate. While the second part will focus on the east African rift and its widely debate initial and current mechanism processes. General Tectonic setting of Africa The African plate is bounded by different types of plate boundaries. These plates are Divergent boundary in which the plate move away from each other in oppositeRead MoreTaking a Look at Gang Violence1075 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States, the East, Midwest, West, and South although the South did not have serious gang problems at this time. In the East, primarily New Your City, in the 1950s, there was a mass migration of Southern African-Americans looking for better jobs. When these people came north, tensions rose (even more) between the African-Americans and whites. White groups formed and violently tried to stop African-Americans from moving into the white neighborhoods. African-Americans formed groups to provideRead MorePidgins and Creoles Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pagesserve a single simplistic purpose, they usually die out. The oldest known pidgin is called ‘Sabir’ which was based on Mediterranean languages and used during the crusades in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. ( ref : English – history, diversity and change chapt 5 p206) In the nineteenth century, when slaves from Africa were brought over to North America to work on the plantations, they were separated from the people of their community and mixed with people of variousRead MoreHistory Of Slavery During Colonial Virginia1360 Words   |  6 Pages Morgan Hicks November 18, 2015 Introduction to Colonial Slavery HIST 2210 â€Å"Slavery in Colonial Virginia† The purpose of this paper is to explain the history of slavery in Colonial Virginia. Between 1670 to 1775, slaves from Africa were transported to Colonial Virginia from three main points on the Atlantic route; Africa, the West Indies, and other British colonies. Most of the slaves were expected to already know how to perform hard labor, speak English, and have the skills valued by the EuropeansRead MoreThe Jazz : A Music Genre1078 Words   |  5 PagesSofia Endara Research Paper Jazz The Jazz is a music genre that was developed from the traditions of West Africa, Europe and North America. It arises specifically in New Orleans, Louisiana, home of musical style, where was a large consignments of slaves, mainly western Africa. That is why the jazz comes from the combination of three traditions: the native American, African and European. The African-American community in South America developed its musical expression through creative improvisationRead MoreThe Foundation Of Modern Ghana1579 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Sprueill Professor Rusnak History 102 12 June 2015 The Foundation of Modern Ghana Ghana is looked upon as a beautiful place to travel and explore West African Culture, but what lies beneath the beautiful ocean and intriguing people is a story of the many hardships and struggles that were put into the formation of this fascinating place. Ghana was once a flourishing community off the coast of West Africa until trade relations caused turmoil between the Europeans and the Ghanaians. A man namedRead MoreThe Slavery Of Virginia And South Carolina1431 Words   |  6 PagesAfricans were always seen as slaves rather than free people. It came to a point were generation from generation, people with African ancestry were legally enslaved for life. European colonists’ even committed to legalizing enslavement of hundreds and thousands of people, but it led to Africans being slaves based on race. Slavery was a big part in Virginia and South Carolina. The history of slavery in Virginia first appeared in 1619 where the Africans were indentured servants. As for South Carol inaRead MoreTaking a Look at Liberia1335 Words   |  5 Pagesof western Africa is a small country known as Liberia. Liberia is an astonishing country, with its history and culture. The first thing you might notice about Liberia is its African heritage. Liberia was not only founded but also colonized but freed African slaves. It is also known fact that the people are very friendly in Liberia. The culture of Liberia is amazing; some people still carve out African figurines. This country has fought a long way for its freedom. That’s why it is a wonderful land ofRead MoreIndustrialization During 1865 and 1920 That Influenced U.S. Society, Economy, and Politics1205 Words   |  5 PagesSTATEMENT Impact of Industrialization after the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) [Strayer University] [U.S History 105] ] Impact of Industrialization After the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) Part 1- Thesis Statement The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. After the Civil War, industrialization took on an unpredictable change of events

Essay on Love Canal Environmental Disaster - 1393 Words

A beautiful city, Niagara Falls in the state of New York, ruined by careless decisions of the city of Niagara Falls and The Hooker Chemical Company. Families suffered and died from several of diseases cause by toxic waste that was place underground near homes and schools. A mother, Louis Gibbs who lived near the Love Canal said, â€Å" When I brought this American dream home my son was one and very healthy. Then he started to get very ill and experiences some liver problems, asthma, and then epilepsy. I could not understand, they came one after another, until I read a series written by Mr. Michael Brown, who explained that the Love Canal has toxic waste underneath the neighborhood school and it leaches in resident homes.† She continued on by†¦show more content†¦(Gibbs) In the 1920’s, the city bought the land at public auction, which became the municipal and chemical disposal site. (Beck) The city of Niagara Falls and The United States also participated in du mping garbage, military warfare material, and Manhattan Project. This was a disposal site for more than twenty years, until Hooker Chemical Company purchased the site for their chemical disposal. (Beck) In 1953, the Hooker Chemical Company filled the canal with twenty-two thousand tons of waste in barrels, which leaked, broke apart when being dump, and poured into the soil. (Gibbs) In addition, to avoid contaminants leaked to the top layer soil they would cover them up with cinders, ash, clay or loom to decrease the spill. (Gibbs) Hooker claimed that he warned the Board of Education not to buy the land because it was not suitable for construction of school buildings. However, The Board of Education was in desperate need of more classroom space and needed the land quickly. On April 28,1953 Hooker sold the land to Board of Education for one dollar. He turned the deed over to The Board of Education and confirmed that they were not accountable for any problems that should arise in the future. (Case Study: 6 Love Canal) Later, The Board of Education sold portion of the land to an investor that wanted to build more than hundred homes in the area, which they sold to middle class families, who were unaware of the toxic wasteShow MoreRelatedEssay about Love Canal1464 Words   |  6 PagesLove Canal When one thinks about an environmental disaster, the image of a large explosion in a highly industrial area comes to mind. Such is not the case in the Love Canal emergency. Unlike most environmental disasters, the events of Niagara Fallss Love Canal werent characterized by a known and uncontrollable moment of impact. It developed over a period of several decades, since the effects of leaching chemicals is uncertain and slow in development and the visual effects are very limitedRead MoreThe Contamination Of Love Canal1440 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental issues teaches about a variety of different aspects that impact the environment on a day-to-day basis. One of these environmental disasters happened starting in the 1920s and was a completely man made issue that could have been avoided. It is becoming numb to the public as more and more environmental issues are coming to the surface, but one issue that is incredibly shocking is the contamination of Love Canal. It definitely caused an incredibly large impact of the publicRead MoreThe Love Canal Disaster By Lois Gibbs1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Love Canal disaster which resulted in a myriad of genetic mutations in upstate New York from 1979-1981 prompted civilian unrest and protests nationwide. Prior to public awareness of the environmental and health hazards occurring across the United States, radioactive waste was nonchalantly dealt with as medical conditions were unknown to public knowledge. In 1979, after residents of Love Canal unified and discussed the medical co nditions that plagued their children and newborns, outcry began toRead MoreLove Canal992 Words   |  4 Pages Tragedy at the Love Canal A quite family neighborhood would awake one day to find themselves the center of one of the most devastating environmental disasters of all time. Originally designed as a dream community and named for William Love the owner of the tract of land in Niagara Falls, New York it would later become a life and law changing event. When the original plans for the canal were considered it was thought to be an economical way to bringRead MoreThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 has proved to be one of the most important environmental protection programs of all time. Also known as Superfund, this act spawned dramatic changes to the environment of the United States. Superfund aimed to cleanup hazardous waste sites in America and protect the health and safety of the general public. Over the years, the Superfund legislation has authorized the gov ernment to aid in the cleanup of toxicRead MoreThe Love Canal Crisis : An Epidemic1709 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel Mr. Peters Honors Environmental Science 11 November 2016 A Civil Action The Love Canal crisis is an epidemic that will shake the roots of this country for centuries. From 1942 to 1953 a landfill in Niagara Falls area known as the Love Canal; which is named after 18th-century famous entrepreneur William T. Love who had an aspiration to connect two levels of the Niagara River, which evidentially separated by Niagara Falls. His plan sought to integrate a canal that would utilize hydroelectricRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of The Fight For Equality1937 Words   |  8 PagesEnvironmental disasters are often pushed into regions with a higher rate of marginalized groups; relating to race, class, and gender. The dangerous environmental issues that these groups face hinder their progress in the fight for equality, oppressing them and hurting the environment even more. Environmental racism is a problem that many have to face, trapping people in a cycle of poverty and making it so they can’t escape environmental disasters that bring health issues with th em. There are highRead MoreThe Love Canal Disaster By Lois Gibbs1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe Love Canal The Love Canal disaster which resulted in a myriad of genetic mutations in upstate New York from 1979-1981 prompted civilian unrest and protests nationwide. Prior to public awareness of the environmental and health hazards occurring across the United States, radioactive waste was nonchalantly dealt with as medical conditions were unknown to public knowledge. In 1979, after residents of Love Canal unified and discussed the medical conditions that plagued their children and newbornsRead MoreLove Canal : A Dream Community On The Fringe Of Niagara Falls2302 Words   |  10 PagesLove Canal is one of the most iconic and appalling environmental tragedies in American history. Dreamed up by a visionary, William T. Love built Love Canal to create a dream community on the fringe of Niagara Falls where all could see it as a dream community. Love built the Canal because he thought that by digging a short canal between two rivers that he could generate electricity to power homes and business in the community surrounding the canal. With the invention of AC power and a depression,Read MoreHazardous Waste and Superfund Sites1143 Words   |  5 Pageshave walked away leaving the American taxpayers holding the bag. In these circumstances, Superfund has paid the bill entirely with taxpayer money (EPA, 2010). With every new ecological disaster, the strain on Superfund becomes more significant. Since Congress has not reinstated fees on industry, any new disaster clean-up is paid for with emergency funding which inevitably comes out of the pockets of the public and adds to the already enormous deficit (Lester Rabe, 2008). Superfund Proponents

The Problem Of Suicide And Homelessness - 1359 Words

Suicide and Homelessness Homeless adults are committing suicide every day. Half of most suicides happen in men, ages 25 through 65, with the teenagers and women accounting with the other half. Based on the calculated population, people commit suicide every 13.3 minutes (Peter Jon). Mental illness is the factor that causes these deaths; mental illness refers to disorder that affects mood, thinking and behavior, this is the most frequent cause for suicide. People who suffer from depression are impulsive and use alcohol or drugs. Homeless adults who have mental disorders often commit suicide because of depression, abandonment, and the lack of education. Many human deaths are caused by depression, depression can be described by feeling sad, unhappy, or miserable. Research has shown that 90 percent of people who kill themselves suffered from depression, or another diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorder that leads them to this horrible tragedy called suicide (Wilson). Depression can lead to suicide if its not being treated, in the worst case. A harmful life event or events can lead to be a cause of a suicide attempt. If your wife died and you feel like you ca not deal with it, you drown yourself into drugs and drinking, you are left alone your children are now adults and are gone away somewhere married and they can not come with you. So you continue to drown yourself, until you do not have any more money and you go homeless, you then think and start talking to yourselfShow MoreRelatedSomewhere For Everyone By John Grisham Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesissue in America Homelessness is referred to a person or a group of people without a permanent residence. They cannot meet or maintain adequate housing due to various reasons. According to Project Home; â€Å"Nearly one-quarter (23 percent or 127,787) of all homeless people were children, under the age of 18. Ten percent (or 52,973) were between the ages of 18 and 24, and 66 percent (or 383,948) were 25 years or older.† (2016) with many of these people experiencing homelessness for episodes of monthsRead MoreHomosexuality for Males during Adolescence879 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences. Today, research shows adolescents question their sexuality at an earlier age than previously thought (Saewyc, 2011). Regardless of when a young male begins to explore his sexuality, a lack of friend and family support, bullying, and homelessness are some factors, which could negatively affect the health trajectory of gay teens (Collier, Bos, Sandfort, 2013; Hatzenbuehler, 2011; Mitchell, Ybarra, Korchmaros , 2013; Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, 2012). For adolescent gay males, studiesRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinical criteria for hospitalization, leaving those who have significant mental health problems to fend for themselves. The link between homelessness and mental health is acknowledged but requires reform. A study completed by Folsom (2005), shows a correlation between homelessness and untreated mental healthRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 Pagesa lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases, only the critically-ill are meeting clinical criteria for hospitalization, leaving those who have significant mental health problems to fend for themselves. The link between homelessness and mental health is acknowledged, but requires reform (Bean Jr., G. J., SteflRead MoreHomelessness Is An Epidemic That Plagues Many People Across The United States1142 Words   |  5 PagesHomelessness is an epidemic that plagues many people across the United States for many different reasons. However, for young people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, living homeless can b ecome especially difficult. Young people of the LGBT community are being put out of their homes, rejected by their families, and shunned by their communities in which they live because of their sexual orientation, something that they themselves have no choice over. This is because of prejudicesRead MoreHomelessness is No Longer an Issue1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe stock market crashing or the young mother who ended up pregnant before she could graduate high school and was kicked out by her parents? No, we do not blame anyone or anything for the homeless of America; we focus solely on fixing the problem. The problems and experiences that the homeless has to face are sometimes more traumatic than most what housed families have gone through in all of their lives, poor kids just cant do anything about it though. Considered â€Å"The Great Recession,† the timeRead MoreHow Bipolar Disorder Affects The Way A Person s Brain Works Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased amount of energy that could possibly give them the stamina to commit suicide. Then there are other patients who might show symptoms of depression that include, the loss of importance in their usual activities, long-drawn-out sad or irritable mood, extreme fatigue, feeling unimportant, sleeping too much or too little, plummeting grades, increase/decrease in appetite, anger, worry, and anxiety, and thoughts of death or suicide, just to name a few. (CDC, 2013; Mayo Clinic, 2016; Merscham, Leeuwen,Read MoreHomelessness in Canada Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesHomelessness is a condition of people who lack regular access to adequate housing. As this condition becomes a growing problem in Canada people are forced to deal with the issues. Who are the homeless? They range from children to adults and even in some cases, families. Why are they homeless? Poverty, lack of jobs or well paying jobs, decline in Social Services, domestic violence, mental illness, and chemical dependency contribute to the majority of the homeless within our society. What effects doesRead MoreDepression Among The Homeless Community1348 Words   |  6 Pagesincapacitating [effect] on the individual’s ability to relate to others.† Depression can cause homelessness or vice versa. â€Å"One of the strongest sources of depression among the homeless community [is] their feelings of isolation and loneliness. Feelings of isolation and separation from others† can lead to â€Å"rooflessness, such as parental neglect.† (Philipps, 2012) Depression is a major public health problem, especially for low-income and homeless women. â€Å"Approximately 12% of women from all socioeconomicRead MoreFunding And Staffing Problems : The Community Based Mental Health Programs Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesFunding and Staffing Problems The community-based mental health programs are not only inadequate in relation to numbers, but also underfunded (Unite for Sight.org, 2013). According to Martin (1995), we live in a society that is increasingly becoming conscious of an excessive tax burden. Tax burden, on the other hand, provides for the realization of just how deinstitutionalization is directly related to politics and public policy. The pubic in America who account for the electorate, have a significant

World Trade Organisation Free Essays

string(154) " time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time\." The WTO TRIPS traces its origins from the 1994 General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT) Uruguay Rounds which proposed its existence. The TRIPS in essence spells out the standards for divers forms of regulations that touch on the intellectual property rights. To this effect, it divulges on standards each nation must meet to enforce the copyright laws, patenting, trade marks, the protection of confidential information, and the geographical indications. We will write a custom essay sample on World Trade Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the narrowness and the limitations that were found in the TRIPS, DOHA was then proposed. The DOHA is a multilateral commercial system that has been enshrined in the World Trade Organization(WTO) and seeks to make enhancements on economic growth, expansion and establishment. Having existed over fifty years, this multilateral trading system aims at working towards the entrenchment of international trade by ensuring a system that promotes the liberalisation of trade and international trade policies that catalyse the recovery of the economy, its growth and development. It is on this backdrop that the DOHA multilateral commercial system is against protectionism in international trade, following the objections that were created in the World Trade Agreement, the Marrakesh Agreement (Yeaman, 2003 pp. 39). Recent developments in the DOHA and TRPS meetings and their impacts on the LDCs’ agriculture and industries. The latest DOHA development and TRIPS Agreement national workshop meeting was held on 22nd February, 2007 in Indonesia, under the aegis of the WTO which was in liaison with the ministry of foreign affairs (Oberg, 2002 pp. 14). In the meeting, there were pressure from the developed economies on the developing countries to fulfill their obligations spelt out in the TRIPS Agreement Article 66. 2. This demanded that the Least Developing Countries (LDCs) facilitate and carry out technology transfer so as to introduce and maintain an efficient technological base that will make international trade feasible. The LDCs were censured for only submi tting reports that touch on technological training and capacity erections (Zhang, 2001 pp. 66). This is normally taken as a failure on the side of the developing economies, yet their financial base is too narrow to support this undertaking. The main issue here is the time and the financial resources that are needed to realise the policy- and this is not being well considered by the developed counterparts (Tawfik, 2000 pp. 138). The fourth WTO conference was held in November 2001, in Qatar, to ensure that TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) member states are helped to interpret the TRIPS policies so as to be able to take comprehensive measures on public health. Even in the WTO which is still a confederation of different states which have come together for the sake of trade, interests still thrive. The interests range from interstate competition to competition taking on the form of regional blocks pitted against each other (Plat, 2000 pp. 92). In this sense, regions and states will always seek to have policies that are favourable to them, entrenched by the WTO. For instance, Europe, the biggest global importer of agricultural and farm produce wants all forms of local support accorded to farmers plummeted. Europe’s main import zones include the developing economies and few developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and Australia. In the same wavelength, it wants all the export subsidies offered to the same farmers extirpated by 2013. On the other end, it is pushing for lower tariffs (Taylor, 2003 pp. 40). The European Union says that it is pushing for global accessibility of all industrial goods in the international market. For this, it is aiming at pressuring the WTO to cut out high tariffs. From the facade, this seems a good idea, but it is, under close scrutiny, an artifice to strengthen Europe. Reduced subsidies will increase farming expenses for the farmers while at the other end, plummeted tariffs will only enable Europe to acquire agricultural and farm imports at a very affordable rate (Probs, 2002 pp. 155). From the days of the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade Tariffs (GATT), there have been serious cases of structural imbalances and over protectionism in some trading regions, compared to the others. Therefore, Developing countries in the Uruguay Round expected that the heavily protected sectors (textiles and agriculture) would be made more accessible so as to make it possible for the LDC products to have sufficient international access. Howbeit, the two sectors remain locked being characterised by highly proscriptive tariffs with some striking and passing the 200%- 300% mark (Correa, 2004 pp. 244). This comes in the wake of the OECD’s Domestic subsidies having soared from 275 American billion dollars to 326 billion. In the textiles and fabrics domain, very minimal items produced by the LDCs have been removed from the quota list even after ten years of corrective implementation period has elapsed. According to the Bureau of International Textiles, only thirteen out of seven hundred and fifty have been exempted from the quota list by the US, while Europe has only excised fourteen out of two hundred and nineteen, and Canada, twenty nine out of two hundred and ninety five. This made it obvious that most of the quotas will not have been eradicated by the arrival of the targeted period of 2013 (Thomas, 2005 pp. 39). At the turn of the century, the realisation towards this exercise was retrogressed by America’s announcement that she would in order to protect her local steel industry, impose a 30% tariff on her steel imports. This demonstrates clearly the fact that most developed nations in the WTO are not ready to forfeit their interests just to facilitate international trade (Rajan, 2005 pp. 139). Inspite of the fact that the developed countries have not carried out all of their liberalization obligations, yet LDCs are the ones currently under pressure to expedite their liberalisation of their investments and imports from the international financial entities and regional trade facilitators. The paradox of these developments is that the developed countries who propose these policies ask for more time to restructure their textiles and agriculture while the LDCs having been forced to restructure, are told to persevere the pains thereof for a time. You read "World Trade Organisation" in category "Papers" For instance, the proscription of investment subsidies and measures makes it very difficult to facilitate the domestic or local industries. This in turn ushers in poverty and then consequently, dependency syndrome. The liberalization of the agricultural sector is also a setback to small scale farmers since their products become subject to international competition which is characterised by cheaper foreign products ,making incursions into the market. The products from the developed countries are always cheap, following the fact that the dealers in them enjoy huge government subsidies. On the other hand, the developing economies do not have a financial pool, large enough to facilitate the issuance of subsidies to its farmers. This amounts to nothing else but unequal competition ( Tomilson, 1998 pp. 106). WTO TRIPS tolerates very high standards of IPR ( Intellectual Property Rights) type of leadership. This leads to the entrenchment of high prices on medicine, health services and other essential services at the behest of Northern corporation patenting. These Northern corporations deal in biological materials which come from the south and their patenting leads to high costs and at the same time, diminishes the accessibility of industrial technology to developing countries (Trebilcock, 2000 pp. 91). Again, on the 15th May, 2003 WTO TRIPS Meeting that was aimed at implementing policies that were to aid development seemed to lack sincerity and good will. The TRIPS were to engage in the technical support and assistance of the LDCs. However, even the Secretariat was not accorded with chance to air the key issues as touching on the options of the LDCs. This means that should this plan be carried out, the assistance may not be that which will truly meet the needs of the LDCs (Hoekman, Philip and Mattoo, 1996 pp. 45). The matter of patenting of the pharmaceuticals that have been proposed by the WTO TRIPS is also posing a potential threat to the LDCs. The developed economies know this well and this is why, in liaison with the movers and shakers of these ministerials, are trying to hoodwink the LDCs by exempting them from subscribing to the Sections 7 and 5 fully, citing an extended grace period that stretches to January 2016 (Gamharter, 2004 pp. 9). However, they are quite sure about the accruals that will begin to trickle in on the inception of these sections. This period is not enough for the LDCs to improve their health sectors to match the competition that will be coming from the international medical and health care practitioners. LDCs are likely then to face untold miseries in the public health sectors, taking the form of the in ability to provide comprehensive medicinal services and health acre due to price fluctuation from the international dealers. The local medical care givers will also face a lot of disillusionment, stemming from competition from the international medical care givers. In the agricultural sector, the TRIPS has also been a let down to the LDCs. This is because, although the LDCs have not yet industrialised, meaning that their economic mainstay is agriculture, yet, Paragraph 11 of the Agricultural Section of the TRIPS only lists down matters pertaining to agriculture, in relation to the LDCs’ development, but does not elaborate further how the issues are to be tackled. This section contains serious matters such as the LDCs being excluded from the exercise of curbing the subsidies, so as to extirpate cases of cheap foreign food products from inundating the local food products and market, the ratification of a market access that is quota free to the LDCs agricultural products (Evenson and Staniello, 2004 pp. 203). This section also was supposed to tackle the issue of LDCs being given the chance to re- evaluate their bound tariff rate to ward off cases of disillusionment of local farmers in the LDCs . Inspite of the seriousness of this provision, it has never been developed or revised for ratification, since it seems that the accruals will now not be trickling so much more to the developed economies (Carvalho, 2002 pp. 97). The local service providers in the developing world have also been left non- viable due to the fact that developing economies have been forced to open up to international market, their service sectors. For instance, it is on this backdrop that national telecommunication corporations in Africa, are closing down following the arrival of the international telephone service providers such as the American originated Vodaphone company, and the European telephone service provider known in Africa as the Celtel (Trendl, 2002 pp. 49) LCDs’ frustrations stemming from inconsistencies in the running of the WTO programmes. Apart from these glaring facts about the competitive interests of the states, developing countries encounter setbacks in the realisation of its goals due to lack of structural balance and some pitfalls within the WTO. For instance, in 1999 Seattle ministerial and in the 2001 DOHA ministerial, developing economies presented these realities with the intention of making the WTO revoke the pristine stipulations, only for the developed economies to state that developing economies had entered commitments that were legally binding, and that it is incumbent upon the developing economies to complete their payments first before such matters of abrogation of policies are considered. In the fifth Ministerial which was convened in Singapore, 2003, the LDCs were being prevailed upon to postpone the issues for the new agreements but at the same time, the LDCs were still subject to the many concessions on their side. This does not only betray the lopsidedness of the WTO, but also acts as a pointer to the fact that the developing economies were going to continue being subjected to double payments (Twiggz, 1989 pp. 80). Hitherto, the developed countries had not accrued any anticipated gain from the textile or agricultural concessions. Developing countries are, concerning the issue being told that their proposals that they be given access to the Northern markets, will only, as a pay package deal, be considered in the post DOHA meeting schedule. However, this was to be on condition that they conform with new WTO issues. It is a fact that the new agreements may not usher in gains since the WTO lacks reciprocity, as is being seen in the international trade imbalance. This is also intimating the fact that even in the face of new agreements, developing countries will still be poised to be shortchanged. Furthermore, there is no clear pointer to the fact that there will be the WTO systems and policy re- evaluation or balancing. Neither is the access to the Northern market by the developed countries, nor the abrogation of these policies going to take place so easily (Wu, 2003 pp. 120). Many developing countries also find themselves receiving difficulties in the form of plummeted prices of commodities and the incapacitation on the side of the developing countries to diversify or to adjust upwards, their exports, due to the limitations on the side of the supplies and the accessibility of the market. This problem also arises out of the imbalances within the trading system of the WTO (Wong, 2002 pp. 75). Even the process by which consensus is reached in the WTO is wanting. The will of the developed countries always seem to inundate that of their counterparts in the developing countries. While it is true that the majority in the WTO comprise the developing economies, yet their unified voices cannot secure their interests against their developed counterparts. When the LDCs presented their objections to the WTO, the developed economies maintained that there was no apparent need for WTO systems and rules being rebalanced. The developed economies being the minority, yet could still prevail upon the WTO panel to have it that the recommendations by the LDCs be reviewed in peace meals. This is the reason why even after several years before and after the DOHA, no re- balancing or review of these inequalities have been carried out. On the contrary, appeals by the developing economies that there be the reviewing of the problems before the inception of negotiations on new areas were drastically scuttled (Vohra, 2000 pp. 19). Upon these development, the developed countries also arose to exert pressure on the WTO to lengthen its mandate to make rules so as to integrate the new areas that were being opposed by the LDCs, an action which the developing economies countered together with other groupings from other regional blocks (Benson, 1996 pp. 102). Apart from stating their case that they were not set to have new negotiations and/ or to adhere to the subsequent rules, the underdogs stated it clearly that they were not in full knowledge of what the newly proposed issues could portend, in terms of obligations. In addition to the above reasons, the developed economies maintained that the newly proposed agreements would add to their already inundating burdens, more obligations which would continue to further derail their development progress. As a result, the LDCs maintained that these newly proposed agreements be still considered for discussions but without being given first hand priority (Burke, 1999 pp. 33) . However, spates of unusual and enigmatic methodologies in WTO decision making, made it possible for the views of the developing countries not to be considered in Geneva DOHA Ministerial Declaration. This state of affairs elicited disgruntlement from the developing countries’ side since they saw in this, nontransparent and unrepresentative draftings. The LDCs posited that a draft elaborating the differences between the two sides be availed in lieu of the one sided draft which tended to carry some elements of deception that it was drafted on a consensus. Strangely enough, once again, these proposals were disregarded and the document that favoured the new issues was adapted as the premise of the negotiations. This gave the developed economies an upper hand. At Doha, in the Green Room meeting, only very few countries were allowed in, to act as the representatives of those left out. The process turned out to be unrepresentative, nontransparent, and not the true representation of their views. Objections arose at the last session at DOHA when the chairperson at the meeting declared that a consensus touching on modalities and the newly proposed agreements was a prerequisite for the negotiations to begin in the next sitting (Chan and Sherman, 2000 pp. 54). The prospects of the post DOHA constructions and how they are likely to affect the LDCs. Experts posit that the talk is to touch on nineteen areas which are broad scaled, touching on politics and economy, as opposed to the Uruguay Round agenda which only touched on economics. The Post DOHA program is said to be heavy since it touches on human resources, time and technical expertise which the developing countries lack. Other issues that are likely to come up are subsidies, electronic commerce, dumping, and the new work program which at the present is said to promote the imbalance between the developed and the developing economies in the WTO. Instead of seeking to offset the inconsistency between the two spheres, the WTO has on the contrary, accorded special handling of the high areas of interests to the developed economies and neglecting the high areas of interest to the least developed economies (Shan, 2007 pp. 203). This has translated into situations whereby areas that are considered to portend deep interests are being rushed after by the developed countries while in the mean time the developing economies try to deliberately hinder these areas from being seized by the developed economies. Some of these areas of interest touch on matters such as electronic commerce, matters touching on the environment and employment (Tsuruoka, 1995 pp. 89). More problems are bound to arise since, whereas the the developing countries consider the implementation issues such as the provisions of the balance of payments, textile and agriculture, these matters have not been slotted anywhere in the work programmes main text book. On the other hand, matters that are considered more important by the developed countries compared to the developing counterparts, – matters such as science, technology, and finance are already in the main text book of the main program. Matters such as special and designated treatment are also considered important by the developing countries since this party wants to tackle the issue in the next DOHA ministerial, to instill precision, effectiveness and efficiency. In the main text book of the work program, this matter has not been featured anywhere, meaning that the developing countries will in the meantime continue to be subjected to the whims of those with the upper hand in the WTO. This system of special and designated provision plummet the substantive extent of the obligations that are to be presided over by the developing economies. It is thus very clear that even the work programs provision, or its running is lopsided and is therefore of no benefit at all to the developing economies. Instead, it is a stepping stone to the developed countries for their beneficence, yet, these countries give nothing to the developing countries (Schuller, 2002 pp. 144). This happens in the face of total contravention to the GATT/ and the WTO Reciprocal Principle since the process of negotiations amongst all members of the WTO must be guided by the chief principle of reciprocity. The concept of reciprocity according to experts should not be pegged on particular commitments in the agreements, but should also be based upon the designation of items for close attention . Albeit, it must be noted that it is quite paradoxical that the WTO new face started with a promotion of an imbalance. Interestingly enough, this same work program has been at times referred to alternatively as the development plan. It is commonsense that if the development plan itself is faulty, and has also been totally fixed by the top developed countries to suit their own economic interests, given the fact that nothing has been reflected in it to give priority to the developing countries, then the world should anticipate nothing else but the widening of the gulf between the rich countries and the poor countries ( Chan, 2002 pp. 002). Not only this, but if the situation is not turned around (for which there is a very slim chance), then capital is likely to continue flowing from the developing countries into the metropoles, making the metropoles richer day by day, while leaving the poor more emaciated upon every actualisation of an international business deal. As touching on the imp lementation issues, the decisions by Doha has not been very satiating. For instance, it is now a WTO policy that agreements and countervailing policies touching on subsidies in the least developing countries with a Gross National Production (GNP) less than 1,000 US dollar per annum, keep on being included in the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement measures list. It is only upon exceeding this line for three consecutive years that a country will be expunged from this list. On any country’s GDP falling below this mark, the country will automatically be re- included in this list (Chan- Gonzaga, 2001 pp. 21). This portends more problems to the Developing economies since they are the ones who are highly susceptible to fall into these traps, given their small scale economies and hence, low GDP. Although there have been proposals by developing economies that these systems that cause imbalances and give rise to problems be revoked, yet as far as touching on these substantive matters, there has been hardly development made on the issue. It is on this premise that many developing economies will be given no priority in the oncoming post DOHA meetings, since these countries will be falling within this rubric of countries that fall below the mark of 1,000 US dollars per annum. Much to the chagrin of these developing nations, the matters already designated for negotiations (the Singapore issues) are not only very sensitive, but are also posing higher potential of reaching the negotiation status. This makes it harder for the rest of the developing countries, should there be need to reach consensus through a plebiscite, which is usually a game of numbers (Das, 1999 pp. 120). Following the stipulations from the Uruguay Round, part of the oncoming designated agenda for the WTO will touch on the negotiation on agriculture. The previous DOHA declaration spells out that in the agricultural negotiations, the principal focus will be working out towards total excision of the export subsidies. This will also include the working towards making governments desist from issuing local support offered to the farmer and the trader, since this local support, they say, distorts international trade. Mostly, this will demand that developed countries be prevailed upon to to revoke the issuance of subsidies (Elchelberger and Allen, 2000 pp. 55). Experts point out that the major developed countries can use these terms to point out that the measures of the domestic support that were included in Annex 2 are not to be subjected to reduction talks. This will lead to the major developed nations being exempt from the reduction injunctions. This will be catastrophic to the farmers and traders in the developing economies since they will not be liable to receiving subsidies while their counterparts in the developed economies will be receiving the subsidies. This brings about unequal competition in the international market yet at the same time, it poses high protectionism in the developed countries. This is an outright application of double standards. The oncoming negotiations will also include the part of services as one of the set- in agenda. This will follow in the wake of the realisation of the fact that the WTO branch, the General Trade on Services, the GATS, is also imbalanced. The developed economies poses far much greater power in the services sector, while the developing countries on the other hand, are very feeble in this sense. In addition to this, they are faced with limitations in supply. This leaves the developing economies with the incapacity to fairly compete with the developed countries. General impact of the WTO stipulations on the LDCs Having looked at that pitfalls of WTO and its bodies (the DOHA and the TRIPS), it is now incumbent that the consequences of these pitfalls on developing economies be looked at. It is also important to note that some of these implications have already been dealt with. The WTO deals with other nations through the two Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is these two Bretton Woods institutions that some times make sure that the policies carried out in the WTO to promote the international financial transactions are implemented or carried out by the developing countries. It is to this effect that these institutions are known to carry out draconian measures on developing countries to ensure that these countries ratify the implementations. For instance, the 1990s saw most African countries and other developing countries being denied foreign aid because they were still resisting the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs. Apart from the fact that this measure stagnated the development process and the financial growth rate, most countries were left paralysed, not being even able to support even the running of the daily domestic economic activities (Guo, 2002 pp. 100). These Structural adjustment programs were in themselves not suitable to the developing economies’ prospects and programs ( it must be remembered that the Structural Adjustment Programs were the initiatives of the WTO which then was out to bolster international trade). To be more precise, the Structural Adjustment Programs had one of its guidelines being cost sharing. Herein, developing countries were to reduce their debt- to- revenue ratio by accepting this methodology of cost sharing. This policy was being heralded by the developed economies and the two Bretton Woods Institutions as the panacea that was to extirpate the widespread cases of over reliance on foreign aid (Lewis 2000, pp. 208) In the first case, African countries and their developing counterparts were told that they were spending too much on their educational programmes. To turn around the situation, these countries were supposed to withdraw permanently, the custom of issuing allowances to students. In addition to this, access to educational loans was to be plummeted, meaning that only students with high outstanding performance were to access these loans. The governments in the developing countries, and especially Africa, were to invent ways of making money from the educational sector, and for this, the Module Two Programs emerged. These Module Two Programmes, otherwise known as Parallel Programmes run autonomously from the government funded, or subsidised conventional university programs (Hu, 2001 pp. 255). These measures on the educational programs have lead to massive cases in the developing economies not being able to expand their educational programmes, to match the rising educational demand that stems from the growing population. As a result, many students who merit going to the university miss securing admission. In addition to this, the Parallel programmes are too expensive for the ordinary citizens in the developing countries to afford. In a nutshell, this measure of cost sharing in the educational sector only succeeded in making education in the developing countries inaccessible, and thus making these countries susceptible to massive cases of brain drain. For the first time, in the 1994, four years after the inception of the Structural Adjustment Programmes, there were cases of university students being dismissed from universities due to fee arrears in the eastern Africa region. At the same time, those students with good grades and a fair financial pool who fail to make it to the government subsidised programmes opt for oversees studies in the developed countries. Upon completion, these students prefer to work in these developing countries. This massive cases of transnational exodus for greener pastures has left the developing countries more and more subjected to brain drain and lack of skilled labour (Kang, and Feng, 2002 pp. 107). Still on the concept of cost sharing, the governments in the developing countries were prevailed upon by the two Bretton Woods Institutions to reduce their expenditures by carrying out a massive exercise of downsizing the civil service so as to trim its size. These exercises were to be carried out starting from 1995- 2005 in most African economies for example. In Latin America, the measure was to be carried out in phases starting from 1992- 2002. However, contrary to what developing countries were told, the carrying out of this exercise only proved to be a Pandora box, ushering in untold catalogues of untold misery at the hands of poverty. Simply put, the myriad numbers of the retrenched civil servants found themselves subject to poverty ( Low, 1997 pp. 124). In the same spectrum, the concept of international trade which was formed by the WTO and heralded by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund that nations cede away the production of certain products to other countries with specialisation ( both natural and human resources, together with technological endowment), does not ager well with the developing nations. Developing nations are kept from realising their dreams of indutrialisation through this concept. Moreover, the concept itself is innately twisted since a nation can be having adequate natural resources and man power, but can be a fledgeling economy that has not yet fine tuned its technological advancement with its indutrialisation programmes (Lyon, 1996 pp. 51). More importantly, the exercise translates into more problems since it leads to more cases of jobs being forfeited, especially in the developing economies, since developing economies have not yet fully been industrialised. This strain of international outsourcing coupled together with its twin, the downsizing of the civil service, has increased the level of unemployment in the developing sector. The problem proves to be hydra headed since the potential tertiary education students who miss out on learning opportunities together with the retrenched civil servants, add to the bulk of the unemployed population with no means of livelihood. It is on this backdrop that all the developing economies have national security matters making it to the top five national agenda in the annual review of national programmes (Shrybman, 2001 pp. 7). World trade, an undertaking which the WTO Is chiefly interested in, is in itself also bedeviled by many issues that touch on the entrenchment of political, cultural and economic domination of the developing countries by their global trading counterparts, the developed countries. For instance, although the developed countries form the minority in the WTO DOHA, yet their will is highly predominant over the developing countries’ (Wong and Mc Ginty, 2002, pp. 40). In addition to this, the same institutions that are used to channel foreign funds to the developing economies, the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Funds (IMF), belong to the developed economies. In addition to being the conduit through which foreign fundings reach other countries, these two Bretton Woods Institutions are supposed to offer advisory services, and at the same time, carry out investigative and monitoring activities on the developing economies’ progress (Mah, 1998 pp. 120). In the course of the monitoring progress, the developing economies are supposed to submit their statements of accounts to either the WB or the IMF. This exposes easily, the developing countries to political manipulation by the developed countries, especially those in the west (Markel, 2000 pp. 43). It is also through the WTO’s international outsourcing that different multinational corporations have been able to make incursions into the developing nations territories to indulge in the provision of goods and services in the developing countries. Some of these companies include the shipping company, Maersk, the petroleum companies such as the British owned, British Petroleum (BP) and the Shell, and the American and British owned Kenol Kobil (Lauffs and Singh, 2000 pp. 173). Any country that wants to take part in the trade that uses the sea routes in the eastern African region must register with the Italian shipping and handling company, Maersk. This in itself amounts to economic domination since these countries are accorded a laissez faire condition, devoid of domestic competition. In the same vein, the companies that come from the developing countries are not accorded by the WTO and the international trade counterparts any chance to trade in the developed countries’ backyard ( Lewis and Rhodes, 2002 pp. 88). It is a well known fact that the process of international trade relations is mostly hinged upon the concept of instantaneous exchange of information in a trans border sense. Because this process is aided by the existence of technological advancement, the previous WTO DOHA ministerials and the TRIPS meetings have been characterised by the prevailing upon the developing countries to hasten the process of technology transfer and installation (Li, 2002 pp. 187). This was in accordance with the aim to have free and efficient flow of information in an interstate manner that could promote trade. Although this measure being considered by the TRIPS under the aegis of the WTO is not geared towards any harm, yet the WTO has not yet looked at the full repercussion of this measure. For instance, it is on this backdrop that developing nations have fell for serious cases of cultural domination. Since the developed countries exceed the the LDCs in commercial and technological knowledge and skills, most of the trans border exchange of information flow from the developed countries to the LDCs. However, with this huge volume of needed information, also comes, information that always insinuate the socio- cultural traits of the developed countries as being superior to the LDCs’. At the same time, the Socio- cultural practices in the developed economies are insidiously permeated into the social fabric of the developing economies (Lewis, 2002 pp. 62). It is on the above premise that small factions have come up to resist these spates of developments by using terrorist attacks. While these attacks are always aimed at the major developed economies, yet to instill pressure on the developed nations, these quasi religious military ragtags also aim at the trading allies of the major developed countries who are normally, the LDCs. It is because of these state of affairs that there were twin bombings in the two most lucrative capitals in the eastern African region in August 1998 by the Al Qaeda forces. Similar cases are also widely common in the world of the developing countries (Mukherjee, 2000 pp. 172). Conclusion. Therefore, it can be seen clearly that the LDCs in the international trade through their relations with the developed countries, courtesy of the WTO, has elicited more pain than gain. Nevertheless, all is not lost for the LDCs, since the Doha declaration posits that it, as an organisation, has an aim of making the development of the LDCs actualise. To this end, the development needs of the LDCs such as food security and health will continue to remain core issues that will control the implementation of other policies. The LDCs should seize this provision to illustrate that their indutrialisation and development will not come without food security, and food security will not be realised by their economies since the mainstay of their food source remains, small scale farming. These small scale farmers being economically challenged, deeply need government subsidies and domestic support. In nearly the same manner, the LDC factions within the WTO such as the the Group 15 that is made up of the heads of the governments should continue working towards collaborations among the LDCs in calling for new global approaches, as it was agreed upon by the same in the 11th Summit that was held in Jakarta, Indonesia. How to cite World Trade Organisation, Papers

Social Media Marketing Of CBA Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Marketing Of CBA. Answer: Introduction Active social media presence is significant for now in all types of businesses. Social media networks provide an advantage to drive the target audiences of the organisations. Moreover, using social media networks for business can boost the website's SEO (Search Engine Optimisation). For a bank, through social media marketing, it can improve to have a higher conversation to customers, to increase the traffic and to develop bank loyalty. The aim of the report is to highlight the social media presence and social media marketing techniques of Commonwealth Bank of Australia. In the first section, the social media presence and audience profiles will be explained. In the later section, social media marketing strategies will be described with current statistics. Moreover, ethics, security and privacy policies of social media will also be analysed in the final section. Overview of the organisation Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) is a public bank of Australia and it is a multinational bank. This bank has branches across United States, Fiji, New Zealand, the UK and other Asian Countries. Headquarter of the bank is situated in Sydney, Australia. CBA has more than 1100 branches across the world and was established in the year 1911 as a government bank. Then, in the year 1991, this bank became public company. CBA works in retail banking services, institutional banking and markets, business and private banking and wealth management (Commbank.com.au, 2017). Moreover, CBA offers finance and insurance, corporate banking, consumer banking, private equity, investment management, mortgages and credit cards facilities to the consumers. In the last year 2016, the revenue of the bank was AUD 24.58 billion. This is the largest company in Australia that is listed on Australia Securities Exchange. In addition, Commonwealth Bank Australia wants to have high conversion rates, good marketing ROI, and increase website traffics through social media marketing. Social media presence of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Now, the most of the people are getting tech-savvy and in case of Australia, maximum people are using social media. It is very much easy now to reach the people through social media network and it is cost effective. Through social media, CBA got unexpected growth in Australia and in the Asian countries. CBA has its own website and in this website, the customer can find links through which they can join CBA's social media pages. Customers can join Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Snapchat, Google+ and You Tube. Commonwealth Bank Australia loves to hear from customers and the organisation gives plenty of chances to the customers to stay in touch (Commbank.com.au, 2017). In case of Facebook, CBA has currently more than 739,900 likes and more than 5,500 Facebook users visited the Facebook page of CBA. As it is finance based company, the organisation wants to reach people and teach people about financial literacy and services and products they offer. Most interestingly, CBA reached 100,000 Facebook users within one year of launching their Facebook page. CBA's customer service team try to respond each of the queries in real-time basis posted on the Facebook page or in the inbox. This has enabled the traditional customer service provision of the over-the-counter policy. In case of Twitter, CBA has its account named #CommBank and they have been active on Twitter since May 2008. On the Twitter, this bank has more than 80.7K followers and the organisation twitted 36.7K. The organisation follows more than 4K through twitters. Most importantly, the management has decided to be active on Twitter like Facebook in order to engage more users and market the services and products. In addition, in case of LinkedIn, CBA has its presence and users can find them using the catch word Commonwealth Bank on LinkedIn for career opportunities and like to access industry experts for any queries. In Instagram, it is the latest sensation for the digital age and most of the young generation use this social media for posting images and videos. CBA has been using this social media network since its beginning. The users can find CBA using @CommBank. This bank posted more than 700 posts and has followers of 13.K. The funny images, creative GIFs and relevant videos make this social media page attractive for users. Moreover, this bank has You Tube channel and customers can subscribe these channels. CBA has two You Tube channels for the users, CommBank Business Channel and CommBank Channel for spreading the knowledge of financial tools, tutorials and tips to invest money in the bank. Additionally, in Snapchat, users can find CBA by using key words CommBankSnaps. Here, the customers can find the relevant news of company, community, legal and business aspects of the organisation. Lastly, in Google+, the customers can find CBA by using CommBank and CBA posts images and news of services and products through Google+ for the users. Social media audience of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Purpose of social media marketing is to reach the target audiences and increase the customer base of the organisation for a bank (Tuten Solomon, 2014). Social media marketing falls under internal marketing strategy of the organisation and the overall objectives remain same. The target audiences of a bank are to grab the future customers of the organisation. CBA post various images, discount offers, financial news and videos in order to reach the customers and the users of social networks may get interested for being a part of CBA. CBA joined social media to target specific demographics or psychographic segmentation of the customers. They use the strategy to ask the users to comment on posts and they personalise the business. In this case, Facebook creates a part of banking and its social media strategy is to create a community to interact the customers through online. The target audiences are customers of the CBA bank make them loyal to the bank in any kind of investments. Moreover, the audiences of CBA in social media are new start-up ventures people to generate funding. The target of CBA in social media can be investors who want to invest in business in the banking sectors. The common people are the target audience and number of these audiences is bigger than others. The users may want to know about private equity, mortgage and interest rate, the customer service team are there to solve the issues when these are posted on social media pages. 56% of the social media users log into social media pages more than 5 times a day and 84% of the Australian adults access the internet on daily basis (Sensei.com, 2017). Facebook Instagram Snapchat Twitter LinkedIn Google+ 93% 45% 40% 32% 17% 10% Table: Daily use of social network (Source: Cio.com.au, 2017) The CEO of CBA demanded that the strategy of CBA is to build bridges between customers and banking services through social media networks, not to just make an echo-chamber. In case of CBA, the customer engages rate through social media extends to 20% last year (Smartcompany.com.au, 2017). CBA is one of the top most banks in the world who have customers to use online banking services. More than 1.75 million Australians use NetBank in each day. In order to reach customers, CBA uses mainly content strategies that attract the customers. Social media marketing of Commonwealth Bank of Australia Social media presence of a bank gives opportunities to create the meaningful connection to the users and customers. The marketing through social media helps to lure desirable consumers that must support the organisational goals. The management of bank tracks the ROI in social media marketing as well. Social Media marketing of Commonwealth Bank Australia is based on mainly content marketing strategy. They generally use attractive contents in order to engage maximum users on social media pages. Promoting a service or product of CBA, they use mainly content marketing strategy to create connections on social media pages. 44% of the social media users like to read engaging contents on social media if they are beneficial for them (Ashley Tuten, 2015). CBA tries to being personal in content marketing and asks the customers to share likes and comment on the posts. In last Ashes series, when Australia whitewashed England, CBA used impressing content marketing through social media. CBA made short videos on cricketers caricatures and they used mimicked voices to it (Scott, 2015). Content marketing of Commonwealth Bank Australia pushed the target markets through this and that can share the knowledge of the users through social media. This content strategy on social media pages like Facebook, Twitter and CBA used this subtle way that could inform the potential customers to engage on their posts. In addition, CBA uses CSR techniques through social media marketing and they use the tactic of Community Seeds. They ask the customers to generate $125,000 for the six different communities through Facebook in order to develop the community life (Dwivedi, Kapoor Chen, 2015). Through Facebook, the organisation started a campaign in opening savings account for all. CBA uses the strategy to give way gifts for the winners of any competition. CBA distributed EM I music voucher, movie voucher and gift coupons for the customers. CBA used the strategy of Time Vault, through which the users of Facebook needed to give the right answers about companys history posted on Facebook page each day. Ethics, privacy and security of social media Everything that an individual does online is getting public and one cannot delete' this forever. An organisation must know about the consequences of taking any action through social media. Privacy of the customers or any users should not be penetrated through social media. Commonwealth Bank shared their ideas that they never posted any distort news or any images that can hurt the sentiment of any particular class and people. In recent time, Commonwealth Bank faced the issue of ethics when in two pages of employment policy, they wrote about employees' responsibility on posting on social media pages about CBA (Lovelock Patterson, 2015). CBA declared that no employees can post anything negative about CBA on social media. However, legal experts fired back as they say that no organisation can ever interfere with someone's personal expression. Moreover, inappropriate images and news about CBA on social media pages can harm the brand loyalty of the bank and it may also pose marketing of cu stomer expectation. CBA has customer support team to solve the issue when it is posted on social media before it is getting viral. CBA does not do unsupported endorsement and compromise about consumer privacy. When CBA uses to collect consumer behaviour data, they do not compromise with privacy (Gordon et al. 2016). In case of security, CBA claims that they never steal the identity of the users and share personal information of any users on social media pages. Any kind of personal discussion is done through personal inbox and not in comment section publicly. Any kind of hacking and spamming of email are not entertained by the IT cell of the CBA (Hyder, 2016). CBA does not share any URL on social media pages that can be vulnerable to the customers. CBA itself uses link scanner to be secure. Social media technologies Business organisations are no longer use social media for only communication purposes, however, social media analytics are now capturing in the industry, especially in the financial sector to analyse the data. Most of the organisations trying to capture competitive advantage through social media marketing. Content strategy, sharing link or optimising the SEO, these strategies can be evaluated through social media analytical tools (Chang, Yu Lu, 2015). Financial Technology (FinTech) is one such tool that can be used to gather financial information on social media pages. Woolworths, the largest retail of Australia takes help from Socialbakers analytical tools to analyse the engagement of the customers on social media pages (Smartcompany.com.au, 2017). However, Commonwealth Bank Australia does not use any social media technology to analyse their social media performance. CBA just uses social media pages like Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, You Tube and all. Buffer is a tool that makes a s chedule for posting contents on social media pages according to customer engagement. Buffer analyses that most numbers of Facebook users become online on Friday. In addition, Agora Pulse is an interesting analytical tool that helps the professionals to posts on three social media at a time. Conclusions In recent days, social media is taken as best tool in order to connect with customers of the organisation. With consistent updating of the services and products on social media can help to increase the market share and customer base. It is observed that CBA uses traditional social media strategy of content marketing. However, social media presence of CBA is strong and they have customer service department in order to give replies to social media queries. The social media marketing of CBA boosts the advertisement of this bank as it is cost effective. CIO of CBA, Michael Hate opined that they provide real time posts on social media. On the contrary, it is observed that the organisation has been facing challenges in the analysis of social media performance as they do not have social media analytics and social media analytical tools within the organisation. Recommendations Setting up chat times: It is needed for CBA to connect the customers at personal level and setting up chat time (on live) is very important. Customers and potential future customers have various questions regarding investment opportunities in CBA, if they can chat with customer support team over voices or through messages would be helpful. Giving thoughtful answers to the customers queries will definitely increase social media presence. Introduction of social media analytics: CBA must use social media analytical tool in their organisation and in order to continue using, CBA needs to hire skilled analytics. In order to gain a competitive edge, CBA can use these tools help to gauge the customers sentiment and monitor the performance of the organisation on social media platforms. Tie in blog posts: CBA posts short and relatively catchy contents on social media pages as people do not have enough time to read long contents. However, if a customer wants to know the financial benefits, financial services of CBA, blog posts would be perfect. Blog posts links can be shared on social media that will make more financial literate customers. References Ashley, C., Tuten, T. (2015). Creative strategies in social media marketing: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement.Psychology Marketing,32(1), 15-27. CBA in hot water over social media policy - SmartCompany. (2017).SmartCompany. Retrieved 6 September 2017, from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/advice/startupsmart-legal/cba-in-hot-water-over-social-media-policy/ Chang, Y. T., Yu, H., Lu, H. P. (2015). Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion, and message diffusion in social media marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(4), 777-782. Dwivedi, Y. K., Kapoor, K. K., Chen, H. (2015). Social media marketing and advertising.The Marketing Review,15(3), 289-309. Facebook, H. (2017).How to kick start your social media strategy Commonwealth Bank focusses on Facebook.CIO. 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Skeletal Muscle free essay sample

Isotonic Contraction Results Weight (g)Velocity (cm/sec)Twitch duration (msec)Distance lifted (cm) Activity 1: The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period 1)Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical stimulus, and latent period. multinucleated contractile cells varying from less than 10–100 mcm in diameter and from less than 1 mm to several centimeters in length; the fiber consists of sarcoplasm and cross-striated myofibrils, which in turn consist of myofilaments; human skeletal muscles are a mixture of red, white, and intermediate type fibers single somatic motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it. The mechanical response to a single action potential. The period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle cell and the start of muscle contraction. Although no force is generated during the latent period, chemical changes (including the release of calcium f rom the sarcoplasmic reticulum) occur interacellularly in preparation for contraction. We will write a custom essay sample on Skeletal Muscle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2)What is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction? The acetylcholine binds with receptors on the muscle membrane which are in close proximity to the neuron (the motor end plate). The binding of the acetylcholine to the muscle membrane allows for the initiation of an action potential (which promotes the passing of an electrical current) on the muscle membrane. A special enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, breaks down the released acetylcholine so that it cannot continue to bind to the muscle membrane. In this way, the nerve controls the action of the muscle such that the muscle can only generate a current when the nerve has first generated a current. )Describe the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibers. AP propagates along sarc olemma and down T- tubule Release of Ca2 from SR into sarcoplasm Ca2 binds to troponin which removes tropomyosin from actin binding sites Contraction begins Calcium influx Ca binds to Troponin, actin site exposed Myosin binds to actin Cross bridge/powerstroke The period of time that elapses between the generation of an action potential in a muscle cell and the start of muscle cell and the start of muscle contraction. Although no force is generated during the latent period, chemical changes (including the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) occur interacellularly in preparation for contraction. Contraction The amount of time that starts at the end of the latent period and ends when muscle tension peaks. Relaxation phase Is the period of time from peak tension until the end of the muscle contraction. )Does the duration of the latent period change with different stimulus voltages? How well did the results compare with your prediction? No it does not†¦ we originally guess that it would change, but were wrong. 6)At the threshold stimulus, do sodium ions start to move into or out of the cell to bring about depolarization? Into the cell Activity 2: The Effect of Stimulus Voltage on Skeletal Muscle Contraction Describe the ef fect of increasing stimulus voltage on isolated skeletal muscle. Specifically, what happened to the muscle force with stronger electrical stimulations and why did this change occur? How well did the results compare with your prediction? As the stimulus increased the muscle tension also increased but not in proportion. The threshold voltage was 0. 8 and it yielded a significant increase in muscle tension but as the stimuli continued the muscle force increased in smaller and smaller amounts until it reached a plateau when all the motor units available were activated. 1)How is this change in whole-muscle force achieved in vivo? 2)What happened in the isolated skeletal muscle when the maximal voltage was applied? Activity 3: The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on Skeletal Muscle Contraction